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. 2021 Jul 12;13(7):2376. doi: 10.3390/nu13072376

Table 6.

Factors associated with minimum meal frequency and minimum acceptable diet in adolescent Indian mothers, 2015–2016 NFHS.

Minimum Meal Frequency Minimum Acceptable Diet
uOR (95% CI) p OR (95% CI) p uOR (95% CI) p OR (95% CI) p
Individual-level factors
Mother’s religion
Hindu 1.00 1.00
Muslim 0.91 (0.67, 1.25) 0.560 0.8 (0.42, 1.52) 0.491
Christian 1.37 (0.79, 2.40) 0.266 1.11 (0.42, 2.96) 0.837
Mother’s working status
Nonworking 1.00 1.00
Working (past 12 months) 1.08 (0.54, 2.16) 0.825 0.45 (0.14, 1.41) 0.173
Mother’s education
No education 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Primary 1.51 (1.00, 2.28) 0.046 1.59 (1.06, 2.41) 0.025 1.45 (0.63, 3.30) 0.374 1.52 (0.66, 3.49) 0.318
Secondary and above 1.25 (0.95, 1.65) 0.105 1.41 (1.06, 1.87) 0.016 1.83 (1.01, 3.31) 0.045 1.94 (1.06, 3.53) 0.030
Total maternal BMI (Kg/m2)
<18.5 1.00 1.00
18.5–24.9 1.06 (0.84, 1.35) 0.613 0.81 (0.52, 1.29) 0.377
25+ 1.38 (0.67, 2.85) 0.382 0.61 (0.22, 1.74) 0.355
Mother’s age (years)
15–17 1.00 1.00 1.00
18 1.54 (0.99, 2.41) 0.054 1.60 (1.02, 2.51) 0.039 1.24 (0.59, 2.61) 0.573
19 1.51 (1.00, 2.28) 0.047 1.57 (1.04, 2.37) 0.030 1.18 (0.59, 2.33) 0.642
Marital status
Currently married 1.00 1.00 1.00
Formerly married # 1.98 (0.72, 5.48) 0.187 0.11 (0.03, 0.38) 0.001 0.12 (0.03, 0.44) 0.001
Combined mode and place of delivery
Non-caesarean and home 1.00 1.00
Non-caesarean and health facility 1.21 (0.88, 1.66) 0.241 1.37 (0.66, 2.88) 0.401
Caesarean and health facility 1.39 (0.89, 2.18) 0.152 1.91 (0.82, 4.47) 0.134
Type of delivery assistance
Health professional 1.00 1.00
Traditional birth attendant 0.82 (0.57, 1.2) 0.318 0.61 (0.33, 1.15) 0.128
Others & 1.30 (0.96, 1.76) 0.092 1.19 (0.71, 2.01) 0.510
Number of antenatal clinic visits
8+ 1.00 1.00
4–7 1.42 (0.96, 2.1) 0.075 1.11 (0.58, 2.13) 0.750
1–3 0.80 (0.55, 1.18) 0.263 0.55 (0.28, 1.07) 0.078
None 1.06 (0.66, 1.69) 0.822 0.66 (0.3, 1.46) 0.306
Timely postnatal check
0–2 days 1.00 1.00
After 2 days 1.87 (0.72, 4.85) 0.195 2.97 (0.6, 14.75) 0.183
No postnatal check 1.72 (0.78, 3.83) 0.177 3.10 (1.02, 9.45) 0.047
Mothers reading newspapers
Not at all 1.00 1.00
Yes/some ^ 1.17 (0.91, 1.52) 0.220 0.87 (0.53, 1.43) 0.585
Mothers listening to radio
Not at all 1.00 1.00
Yes/some ^ 1.10 (0.79, 1.54) 0.571 1.13 (0.60, 2.12) 0.698
Mothers watching television
Not at all 1.00 1.00
Yes/some ^ 1.49 (1.18, 1.88) <0.001 1.47 (0.93, 2.31) 0.099
Power over household decision making
Husband 1.00 1.00
Woman alone 1.21 (0.82, 1.78) 0.343 1.42 (0.79, 2.56) 0.247
Power over earning
Husband 1.00 1.00
Woman alone 1.18 (0.74, 1.87) 0.485 0.91 (0.49, 1.69) 0.763
Father’s occupation
Nonagricultural 1.00 1.00
Agricultural 0.57 (0.32, 1.03) 0.061 0.48 (0.18, 1.24) 0.128
Not working 0.75 (0.49, 1.16) 0.198 0.78 (0.40, 1.50) 0.449
Birth order
1st born 1.00 1.00
2nd–4th 0.83 (0.60, 1.14) 0.247 0.64 (0.31, 1.35) 0.243
Preceding birth interval
No previous birth 1.00 1.00
Yes 0.80 (0.58, 1.12) 0.194 0.67 (0.32, 1.41) 0.292
Sex of baby
Male 1.00 1.00
Female 0.97 (0.76, 1.22) 0.770 1.11 (0.73, 1.70) 0.597
Age of child (months)
6–11 1.00 1.00
12–17 0.86 (0.63, 1.18) 0.350 0.29 (0.16, 0.51) <0.001
18–23 0.94 (0.69, 1.28) 0.696 0.69 (0.43, 1.12) 0.134
Low Birth Weight (<2500 g)
No 1.00 1.00
Yes 0.62 (0.45, 0.86) <0.001 1.06 (0.58, 1.93) 0.854
Size of the baby
Small 1.00 1.00
Average 0.86 (0.63, 1.18) 0.342 0.51 (0.29, 0.91) 0.022
Large 0.95 (0.64, 1.42) 0.818 0.66 (0.33, 1.31) 0.234
Children who had diarrhea recently
No 1.00 1.00
Yes 1.15 (0.86, 1.54) 0.362 1.06 (0.58, 1.93) 0.854
Children with acute respiratory infection treatment
No 1.00 1.00
Yes 0.78 (0.50, 1.23) 0.289 0.70 (0.26, 1.91) 0.489
Children who had fever in last 2 weeks
No 1.00 1.00
Yes 0.96 (0.72, 1.28) 0.782 1.21 (0.72, 2.02) 0.471
Household-level factors
Wealth index
Poor 1.00 1.00
Middle 1.19 (0.88, 1.61) 0.254 0.87 (0.52, 1.47) 0.609
Rich 0.92 (0.67, 1.27) 0.610 0.84 (0.47, 1.52) 0.570
Number of living children
1 1.00 1.00
2 to 3 0.80 (0.57, 1.14) 0.220 0.70 (0.32, 1.55) 0.381
Source of drinking water
Improved 1.00 1.00
Unimproved 1.20 (0.91, 1.58) 0.195 0.84 (0.47, 1.52) 0.567
Type of toilet facility
Improved 1.00 1.00
Unimproved 0.99 (0.77, 1.28) 0.962 0.92 (0.60, 1.42) 0.712
Community-level factors
Residence
Urban 1.00 1.00
Rural 0.98 (0.68, 1.42) 0.922 1.63 (0.89, 2.98) 0.112
Geographical Region
North 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
South 1.48 (0.93, 2.34) 0.090 1.45 (0.91, 2.32) 0.111 3.53 (1.46, 8.56) 0.005 3.14 (1.28, 7.68) 0.012
East 1.64 (1.12, 2.40) 0.010 1.69 (1.15, 2.48) 0.007 3.70 (1.63, 8.37) 0.002 3.56 (1.57, 8.07) 0.002
West 1.43 (0.83, 2.46) 0.196 1.39 (0.81, 2.38) 0.223 1.10 (0.38, 3.23) 0.850 1.02 (0.34, 3.09) 0.962
Central 2.02 (1.38, 2.96) <0.001 2.00 (1.36, 2.94) <0.001 1.89 (0.80, 4.46) 0.141 1.86 (0.78, 4.39) 0.156
Northeast 1.37 (0.90, 2.10) 0.140 1.39 (0.89, 2.18) 0.145 3.16 (1.33, 7.52) 0.009 3.18 (1.30, 7.76) 0.011
Type of caste or tribe
Schedule caste 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Schedule tribe 1.08 (0.75, 1.54) 0.673 1.14 (0.79, 1.64) 0.471 0.58 (0.31, 1.06) 0.078 0.74 (0.40, 1.37) 0.344
Other backward caste 0.73 (0.54, 0.98) 0.036 0.73 (0.54, 0.98) 0.037 0.52 (0.31, 0.88) 0.015 0.53 (0.31, 0.89) 0.017
Other * 0.73 (0.50, 1.08) 0.118 0.75 (0.51, 1.10) 0.148 0.54 (0.28, 1.03) 0.062 0.54 (0.27, 1.07) 0.082

uOR: unadjusted odds ratio; OR: adjusted odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; p: p-value; & friend/relative and others; # divorced/separated/widowed. ^ less than once a week/at least once a week/almost every day; * includes Jews, Parsis/Zoroastrians, those following other religions, and those with no religion.