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. 2021 Jun 23;14(7):606. doi: 10.3390/ph14070606

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Upstream regulators of 2,3-dioxygenases activity and downstream effectors of kynurenine involved in neoplastic progression. IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ stimulates IDO leading to enhanced synthesis of kynurenine. Its main effectors are presented in the circles. AhR: aryl hydrocarbon receptor, IDO: indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, IFN-γ: interferon-γ, IL-1: interleukin 1, IL-6: interleukin 6, KYN: kynurenine, STAT3: signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, TDO: tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α, TRP: tryptophan.