Table 4.
Clinical trials in GB targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor.
| Compound | Type | Clinical Trials: Phase, Overall Conclusion (+) or (−), (Combined or Compared Therapy) | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bevacizumab | mAb | II (+) (single/irinotecan) | [198] | |
| II (+) (single) | [199] | |||
| II (+) (single) | [200] | |||
| II (+) (TMZ) | [201] | |||
| II (+) (TMZ) | [202] | |||
| II (+) (TMZ) | [203] | |||
| II (−) (TMZ) | [204] | |||
| II (−) (RT/hypoRT) | [205] | |||
| III (−) (RT/TMZ) | [181] | |||
| III (−) (RT/TMZ) | [180] | |||
| II (−) (RT/TMZ) | [206] | |||
| II (+) (RT/TMZ) | [207] | |||
| II (+) (RT/TMZ) | [208] | |||
| II (−) (hypoRT/TMZ) | [209] | |||
| II (−) (hypoRT/TMZ) | [210] | |||
| II (+) (irinotecan) | [211] | |||
| II (+) (irinotecan) | [212] | |||
| II (−) (irinotecan/TMZ) | [213] | |||
| II (+) (irinotecan/TMZ) | [214] | |||
| II (−) (irinotecan) | [215] | |||
| II (−) (irinotecan/TMZ) | [216] | |||
| II (−) (irinotecan/TMZ) | [217] | |||
| II (−) (cetuximab/irinotecan) | [100] | |||
| II (−) (TMZ/lomustine) | [218] | |||
| II (+) (lomustine) | [219] | |||
| II (−) (lomustine) | [220] | |||
| III (−) (lomustine) | [182] | |||
| II (−) (carboplatin) | [221] | |||
| II (−) (carboplatin/irinotecan) | [222] | |||
| II (+) (rindopepimut) | [116] | |||
| I/II (−) (BKM120) | [223] | |||
| I/II (−) (dasatinib) | [224] | |||
| II (+) (ERC1671 vaccine) | [225] | |||
| II (−) (onartuzumab) | [226] | |||
| II (−) (temsirolimus) | [227] | |||
| II (−) (tandutinib) | [228] | |||
| II (+) (fotemustine) | [229] | |||
| II (−) (fotemustine) | [230] | |||
| II (RT/TMZ/everolimus) | [231] | |||
| II (−) (metronomic etoposide/TMZ) | [232] | |||
| II (−) (panobinostat) | [233] | |||
| I (+) (DEHSRT#) | [234] | |||
| II (−) (sorafenib) | [235] | |||
| II (−) (erlotinib/RT/TMZ) | [96] | |||
| II (erlotinib) | [236] | |||
| II (−) (vorinostat) | [237] | |||
| I/II (−) (vorinostat/TMZ) | [238] | |||
| II (−) (enzastaurin) | [239] | |||
| Cediranib (AZD-2171) | SM | II (+) (single) | [189] | |
| III (−) (lomustine) | [190] | |||
| II (+) (gefinitib) | [90] | |||
| II (active, not recruiting) (olaparib) | NCT02974621 [67] | |||
| Aflibercept | Fusion protein * | II (−) | [184] | |
| I (+) (RT/TMZ) | [185] | |||
| Vatalinib (PTK787/ZK222584) | SM | I (+) (imatinib/hydroxyurea) | [188] | |
| I (+) II (term) (RT/TMZ) | [187] | |||
| I (+) (RT/TMZ/anti−epileptic drug) | [186] | |||
| Axitinib | SM | II (+) | [192] | |
| II (+) (lomustine) | [193] | |||
| II (−) (avelumab) | [191] | |||
| Tivozanib | SM | II (−) | [183] | |
| Ramucirumab | mAb | II (completed, no results) (IMC−3G3) | NCT00895180 [67] | |
| Sorafenib | SM |
|
See Table 9 | |
| Sunitinib | SM | |||
| Nintedanib (BIBF 1120) | SM | |||
| Pazopanib (GW786034) | SM | |||
| Vandetanib (Caprelsa, ZD6474) | SM | |||
| Cabozantinib (XL-184) | SM | |||
| Regorafenib (BAY73-4506) | SM | |||
| Dovitinib (TKI258) | SM | |||
| Ponatinib (AP24534) | SM | |||
| Lenvatinib (E7080) | SM | |||
| Everolimus (AEE788) | SM | |||
| Anlotinib (AL3818) | SM | |||
(*) recombinant fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domains of VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 fused to an immunoglobulin Fc domain, (#) Dose escalation study of hypofractionated stereotactic radiation therapy.