Figure 1.

Schematic diagram of nanotechnology-facilitated bacteria-based cancer therapy. Bacteria-derived nanovesicles, bacterial membrane-coated nanoparticles, and bacteria–nanoparticle hybrid systems represent the three main representative delivery platforms used to date. Such platforms not only facilitate drug/gene loading and delivery, but they can also perform diverse functions in response to external stimuli, such as light, magnetism, and ultrasound, achieving better therapeutic efficacy.