Table 1.

Timeline of several typical examples of bacteria use in cancer treatment.

Year	Bacteria	Cancer Type	Brief Description	Ref.
1868	Streptococcus pyogen es	Sarcoma	First use of bacteria in cancer treatment	[20]
1891	Streptococcus pyogen es	Malignant sarcoma	Coley’s toxins	[21]
1989	Mycobacterium bovis	Bladder cancer	Bacillus Calmette–Guerin vaccine (BCG) approved by the FDA	[22]
2000	Salmonella typhimurium VNP20009	Solid tumor	Deletion of the purI and msbB genes which reduce the virulence and the risk of septic shock	[23]
2005	Clostridium novyi-NT	HCT116 colorectal cancer	Combination of bacterial therapy and traditional drug therapy	[24]
2006	Escherichia coli	HeLa, HepG2, and U2OS cell lines	Characterization of invasin from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis as an output module	[25]
2011	Salmonella Typhimurium SL7207	Colorectal carcinoma	Engineered to survive only in anaerobic conditions without otherwise affecting its functions	[26]