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Pharmacokinetic profiles of Tramadol in (A) brain and (B) plasma following administration of the drug in the nasal nanovesicular system (TRA NVS) as compared to nasal non-vesicular system (TRA NV) and to oral administration (TRA PO), each at a drug dose of 7 mg/kg; mean ± SD; n, 5/group. (A) p < 0.01 for NVS vs. NV and 10, 30 and 60 min, and vs. PO at 10 min and 30 min; (B) p < 0.01 for NVS vs. NV and PO at 10–120 min.
