Table 1.

Physicochemical and pharmacological properties of the investigated drugs for pain management.

Drug Name	Molecular Weight (g/mol) *	LogP *	Pharmacological Classification	Pharmacological Indication for Pain Management	Available Products for Nasal Administration
Ketoprofen	254.3	3.12	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs)	Relief of moderate pain	--
Butorphanol tartrate	477.5	3.3	Non-controlled synthetic opioid analgesic	Relief of moderate to severe acute pain	Stadol NS®
Tramadol hydrochloride	263.4	1.34	Non-controlled synthetic opioid analgesic	Relief of moderate to severe pain	--

* https://go.drugbank.com/ (accessed on 16 March 2021).