Table 5.

Pharmacokinetic (pK) parameters for Tramadol in brain and plasma following administration in the nanovesicular system (NVS), Nasal non-vesicular system (NV) and Oral preparation (PO).

pK Parameter	Brain			Plasma
	NVS	NV	PO	NVS	NV	PO
Tmax (min)	10.0	10.0	60.0	10.0	10.0	60.0
Cmax (µg/g)-for brain (ng/mL)-for plasma	3.46	2.08	0.73	743.6	529.3	329.5
AUC0–240 (µg × min/g)-for brain (ng × min/mL)-for plasma	361.80	195.90	168.43	17,577.0	8002.1	9660.7
F relative to PO	2.15	1.16		1.82	0.83