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. 2021 Jun 29;13(7):983. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070983

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Histological analysis of 3D printed implants 12 weeks after surgery and scaffold implantation in rat OC defects. H&E and toluidine blue (T-B) staining demonstrated that the TGF-β1/β-TCP scaffold (biohybrid gradient scaffold) improved tissue repair and organisation, compared with pure hydrogel scaffolds and no scaffold (blank). The content of GAGs, as assessed by Periodic-Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, and type II collagen, determined by immunohistochemistry, was additionally improved by the biohybrid scaffold. SB formation was also observed, with higher osteocalcin (OCN) and type I collagen contents in the groups treated with the biohybrid scaffold. N—normal cartilage; R—repaired cartilage; black arrows indicate the interface between normal and repaired cartilage. Scale bars: 200 μm. Reprinted with permission from [332]. Copyright © 2018, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH and Co. KGaA, Weinheim.