Table 3.
Antimicrobial activity of essential oils with the disc diffusion method.
| Pathogen | Essential Oil, Zone of Inhibition in mm ± SD | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | |
| Aerococcus spp. | 13.67 ± 0.58 | 14.33 ± 0.58 c | 14.66 ± 0.58 a,d | 16.00 ± 1.00 | 20.33 ± 0.58 a,f | 9.00 ± 1.00 | 9.67 ± 1.15 | 13.00 ± 1.00 | 15.33 ± 0.58 j | 13.67 ± 0.58 | 12.67 ± 0.58 | 10.67 ± 0.58 | 11.33 ± 0.58 | 12.33 ± 0.58 |
| Aerococcus viridans | 14.67 ± 0.58 | 12.67 ± 1.15 | 10.67 ± 1.15 a | 15.67 ± 0.58 | 19.67 ± 1.53 a,f | 10.67 ± 0.58 | 11.33 ± 1.15 | 11.33 ± 0.58 | 12.67 ± 1.15 | 11.0 ± 1.0 | 8.33 ± 0.58 | 8.33 ± 0.58 | 8.33 ± 0.58 | 12.33 ± 0.58 |
| Aeromonas spp. | 11.67 ± 0.58 | 13 ± 1.73 | 11.67 ± 0.58 | 18 ± 1.0 e | 15.33 ± 0.58 | 12.67 ± 1.15 g | 17.67 ± 0.58 h | 12.67 ± 1.15 | 10.33 ± 0.58 | 12.67 ± 0.58 | 15.00 ± 1.00 | 11.33 ± 0.58 | 14.33 ± 1.09 | 12.00 ± 1.00 |
| Aeromonas bestiarum | 15.33 ± 0.58 b | 13.00 ± 1.00 | 8.67 ± 1.15 a | 15.33 ± 0.58 | 16.67 ± 0.58 a | 11.33 ± 0.58 | 15.00 ± 0.00 h | 13.00 ± 1.73 | 12.33 ± 0.58 | 11.33 ± 1.15 | 10.00 ± 1.00 | 11.33 ± 1.15 | 11.33 ± 0.58 | 10.33 ± 1.53 |
| Aeromonas salmonicida | 11.67 ± 0.58 | 12.33 ± 0.58 | 11.67 ± 0.58 | 17.33 ± 2.08 e | 15.00 ± 0.00 | 12.00 ± 1.00 | 17.33 ± 1.15 h | 12.00 ± 2.00 | 11.00 ± 0.00 | 12.33 ± 0.58 | 14.33 ± 0.58 | 12.33 ± 0.58 | 13.67 ± 2.3 | 12.00 ± 0.00 |
| Escherichia vulgaris | 9.33 ± 0.58 b,k | 7.00 ± 1.00 c,k | 7.00 ± 1.73 d,k | 7.67 ± 0.58 e,k | 7.00 ± 1.73 f,k | 7.33 ± 1.15 k | 7.67 ± 0.58 h,k | 8.33 ± 0.58 k | 10.00 ± 1.00 | 9.67 ± 0.58 | 10.33 ± 0.58 | 8.67 ± 1.15 | 10.33 ± 0.58 | 10.67 ± 0.58 |
| Enterococcus faecium | 14.67 ± 0.58 | 13.67 ± 0.58 c | 12.33 ± 0.58 a | 19.33 ± 1.15 e | 18.67 ± 1.15 a | 12.00 ± 0.00 | 13.67 ± 1.15 | 14.33 ± 0.58 i | 11.67 ± 0.58 | 11.67 ± 0.58 | 12.33 ± 0.00 | 12.00 ± 0.00 | 10.33 ± 1.53 | 9.67 ± 0.58 |
| Enterococcus moravensis | 15.00 ± 1.00 b | 13.33 ± 0.58 c | 11.00 ± 1.00 a | 16.00 ± 1.00 | 20.33 ± 1.53 a,f | 12.00 ± 1.00 | 14.67 ± 0.58 | 13.67 ± 1.53 | 12.67 ± 0.58 | 12.00 ± 2.00 | 11.00 ± 1.00 | 11.67 ± 0.58 | 11.67 ± 0.58 | 11.00 ± 1.00 |
| Enterococcus faecium | 15.33 ± 0.58 b | 14.67 ± 0.58 c | 12.33 ± 0.58 a | 15.33 ± 0.58 | 17.67 ± 0.58 a | 12.00 ± 0.00 | 13.67 ± 1.15 | 14.33 ± 0.58 i | 11.67 ± 0.58 | 11.67 ± 0.58 | 12.33 ± 0.58 | 12.00 ± 0.00 | 10.33 ± 1.53 | 9.67 ± 0.58 |
| Enterococcus aquimarinus | 15.00 ± 1.00 b | 13.33 ± 0.58 c | 11.00 ± 1.00 a | 19.00 ± 1.00 e | 21.00 ± 1.00 a,f | 12.00 ± 1.00 | 14.67 ± 0.58 | 13.67 ± 1.53 | 12.67 ± 0.58 | 12.00 ± 2.00 | 11.00 ± 1.00 | 11.67 ± 0.58 | 11.67 ± 0.58 | 11.00 ± 1.00 |
| Pseudomonas fluorescens | 10.00 ± 1.00 k | 7.33 ± 1.53 k | 7.00 ± 1.73 d,k | 7.67 ± 1.15 e,k | 6.00 ± 1.00 f,k | 8.00 ± 1.00 k | 8.00 ± 1.00 k | 8.33 ± 1.53 k | 9.33 ± 1.15 j | 10.00 ± 1.00 | 9.33 ± 0.58 | 9.67 ± 1.53 | 10.67 ± 1.15 | 10.67 ± 0.58 |
| Pseudomonas frederiksbergensis | 9.67 ± 0.58 b,k | 7.00 ± 1.00 c,k | 6.67 ± 1.53 d,k | 8.00 ± 1.73 k | 6.00 ± 1.00 f,k | 7.33 ± 1.15 k | 7.67 ± 0.58 h,k | 8.33 ± 0.58 k | 9.67 ± 0.58 | 10.00 ± 1.00 | 10.00 ± 0.00 | 8.67 ± 0.58 | 10.33 ± 0.58 | 10.67 ± 1.15 |
| Pseudomonas gessardii | 9.33 ± 0.58 b,k | 7.00 ± 1.00 c,k | 6.33 ± 1.53 d,k | 7.67 ± 1.15 e,k | 6.00 ± 1.00 f,k | 8.00 ± 1.00 k | 8.00 ± 1.00 k | 8.33 ± 0.58 k | 9.33 ± 0.58 j | 9.67 ± 0.58 | 10.00 ± 1.00 | 9.00 ± 1.00 | 9.33 ± 0.58 | 10.33 ± 0.58 |
| Pseudomonas ludensis | 9.33 ± 1.15 b,k | 6.67 ± 0.58 c,k | 6.67 ± 1.53 d,k | 7.67 ± 1.15 e,k | 6.00 ± 1.00 f,k | 7.00 ± 1.00 g,k | 7.67 ± 1.15 h,k | 7.33 ± 1.15 i,k | 9.00 ± 1.00 j | 9.00 ± 1.00 | 10.00 ± 1.00 | 8.67 ± 1.15 | 10.33 ± 1.53 | 11.00 ± 1.00 |
| Pseudomonas proteolitica | 15.33 ± 0.58 b | 13.00 ± 1.00 | 8.67 ± 1.15 | 9.00 ± 1.00 | 11.00 ± 1.00 | 11.33 ± 0.58 | 15.00 ± 0.00 h | 13.00 ± 1.73 | 12.33 ± 0.58 | 11.33 ± 1.15 | 10.00 ± 1.00 | 11.33 ± 0.58 | 11.33 ± 0.58 | 10.33 ± 1.53 |
| Shewanella baltica | 11.00 ± 1.00 | 13.00 ± 1.00 | 11.33 ± 1.15 | 10.67 ± 1.15 | 11.67 ± 0.58 | 12.00 ± 0.00 | 13.67 ± 1.15 | 14.33 ± 0.58 i | 11.67 ± 0.58 | 11.67 ± 0.58 | 12.33 ± 0.58 | 12.00 ± 0.00 | 10.33 ± 1.53 | 9.67 ± 0.58 |
| Yersinia enterocolitica | 15.00 ± 1.00 b | 13.33 ± 0.58 c | 11.00 ± 1.00 | 10.33 ± 0.58 | 11.33 ± 1.15 | 12.00 ± 1.00 | 14.67 ± 0.58 | 13.67 ± 1.53 | 12.67 ± 0.58 | 12.00 ± 2.00 | 11.00 ± 1.00 | 11.67 ± 0.58 | 11.67 ± 0.58 | 11.00 ± 1.00 |
| Yersinia ruckeri | 11.00 ± 1.00 | 13.00 ± 1.00 | 11.33 ± 1.15 | 10.67 ± 1.15 | 11.67 ± 0.58 | 12.00 ± 0.00 | 13.67 ± 1.15 | 14.33 ± 0.58 i | 11.67 ± 0.58 | 11.67 ± 0.58 | 12.33 ± 0.58 | 12.00 ± 0.00 | 10.33 ± 1.53 | 9.67 ± 0.58 |
| Yersinia spp. | 15.00 ± 1.00 b | 13.33 ± 0.58 c | 11.00 ± 1.00 | 10.33 ± 0.58 | 11.33 ± 1.15 | 12.00 ± 1.00 | 14.67 ± 0.58 | 13.67 ± 1.53 | 12.67 ± 0.58 | 12.00 ± 2.00 | 11.00 ± 1.00 | 11.67 ± 0.58 | 11.67 ± 0.58 | 11.00 ± 1.00 |
| Vagococcus spp. | 11.00 ± 1.00 | 13.00 ± 1.00 | 11.33 ± 1.15 | 10.67 ± 1.15 | 11.67 ± 0.58 | 12.00 ± 0.00 | 13.67 ± 1.15 | 14.33 ± 0.58 i | 11.67 ± 0.58 | 11.67 ± 0.58 | 12.33 ± 0.58 | 12.00 ± 0.00 | 10.33 ± 1.53 | 9.67 ± 0.58 |
Essential oils–1. A. balsamifera, 2. B. carterii, 3. Canarium luzonicum Miq.(H), 4. Cinnamomum camphora Nees & Eberm, 5. Cinnamomum camphora var. linalolifera, 6. Citrus auarantium, 7. Gaultheria procumbens, 8. Litsea cubeba Pers., 9. Melaleuca leucadendron, 10. Malaleuca ericifolia Smith., 11. Pogostemon cabli, 12. Citrus limon, 13. Santalum album, 14. Vetiveria zizanoides. a There were significant differences between the antimicrobial activity of Cinnamomum camphora var. Linalolifera and Canarium luzonicum on Aerococcus spp., A. viridans, A. bestiarum, E. moravensis, E. faecium, E. faecium, and E. aquimarinus. Canarium luzonicum shows significantly stronger antibacterial effects (p < 0.05). b A. balsamifera’s antibacterial effect on A. bestiarum, E. moravensis, E. faecium, E. faecium and E. aquimarinus, P. proteolitica, Y. enterocolitica, and Yersinia spp. was significantly higher than on E. vulgaris, P. frederiksbergensis, P. gessardii, and P. ludensis (p < 0.05). c B. carterii shows a significantly higher antibacterial effect on Aerococcus spp., Enterococcus moravensis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus aquimarinus, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Yersinia spp. than on Escherichia vulgaris, Pseudomonas frederiksbergensis, Pseudomonas gessardii, and Pseudomonas ludensis (p < 0.05). d Canarium luzonicum shows a significantly stronger antibacterial effect on Aerococcus spp. than on E. vulgaris, P. fluorescens, P. frederiksbergensis, P. gessardii and P. ludensis (p < 0.05). e Cinnamomum camphora shows a significantly higher antibacterial effect on Aeromonas spp., Aeromonas salmonicida, E. faecium and E. aquimarinus than on E. vulgaris, P. fluorescens, P. gessardii and P. ludensis (p < 0.05). f Cinnamomum caphora var. Linalolifera shows a significantly stronger antibacterial effect on Aerococcus spp., A. viridans, E. moravensis and E. aquimarinus than on E. vulgaris, P. fluorescens, P. frederiksbergensis, P. gessardii and P. ludensis (p < 0.05). g There is a significant difference between the antimicrobial activity of Citrus auarantium on Aeromonas spp. and P. ludensis (p < 0.05). h Gaultheria procumbens shows a significantly higher antibacterial effect on Aeromonas spp., A. bestarium, A. salmonicidum and P. proteolitica than on E. vulgaris, P. frederiksbergensis and P. ludensis (p < 0.05). i Litsea cubeba Pers. shows a significantly lower antibacterial effect on P. ludensis than on E. faecium, Shewanella baltica, Yersinia ruckeri and Vagococcus spp. (p < 0.05). j Melaleuca leucadendron shows a significantly higher antibacterial effect on Aerococcus spp. and Vagococcus spp. than on P. fluorescens, P. gessardii and P. ludensis (p < 0.05). k There is no significant difference between the antimicrobial activity of EOs on E. vulgaris, P. fluorescens, P. frederiksbergensis, P. gessardii and P. ludensis (p > 0.05).