AA	Arachidonic acid
ADME	Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion
Akt	Protein kinase B
ALT	Alanine aminotransferase
AP-1	Activator protein-1
apoE	Apolipoprotein E
BBB	Blood–brain barrier
BMDMs	Bone marrow-derived macrophages
CCL	Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand
CD	Cluster of differentiation
C/EBP	CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein
COX	Cyclooxygenase
Crz1	Calcineurin-responsive zinc finger 1
CSF	Colony-stimulating factor
CXCL10	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand-10
D-GalN	D-galactosamine
DMAPP	Dimethylallyl-diphosphate
DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid
DSS	Dextran sulfate sodium
EGFR	Epidermal growth factor receptor
Erk	Extracellular signal-regulated kinase
FK506	Tacrolimus
FPP	Farnesyl diphosphate
GLUT	Glucose transporter
GM-CSF	Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
GSH	Glutathione
1H-NMR	Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
HEK	Human embryonic kidney
HMGB	High mobility group box
HO-1	Heme oxygenase-1
hPXR	Human pregnane X receptor
HUVECs	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells
IBD	Inflammatory bowel diseases
IC50	Half maximal inhibitory concentration
ICAM	Intercellular adhesion molecule
IFN	Interferon
IκBα	NF-κB inhibitor alpha
IKK	IκB kinase
IL	Interleukin
iNOS	Inducible nitric oxide synthase
IP-10	Interferon gamma-induced protein-10
IPP	Isopentenyl diphosphate
IRF	Interferon regulatory factor
JAKs	Janus kinases
JNK	c-Jun N-terminal kinase
LDHA	Lactate dehydrogenase A
LOX	Lipoxygenase
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
MAPKs	Mitogen-activated protein kinases
MCP	Monocyte chemoattractant protein
M-CSF	Macrophage colony-stimulating factor
MMP	Matrix metalloproteinase
MPO	Myeloperoxidase
mRNA	Messenger ribonucleic acid
MyD88	Myeloid differentiation primary response 88
NFAT	Nuclear factor of activated T-cells
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
NLRP3	Nucleotide-binding oligomeriztion domain (NOD)-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3
NO	Nitric oxide
Nrf	Nuclear respiratory factor
NSAIDs	Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Oct-1	Octamer transcription factor-1
p38	Member of the MAPKs
p65	Subunit of NF-κB
PBMCs	Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
PDK	Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase
PGE2	Prostaglandin E2
PI3K	Phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase
PKM2	Pyruvate kinase M2
PMA	Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate
PMNLs	Polymorphonuclear leukocytes
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
SAR	Structure-activity relationship
15(S)-HETE	15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid
SLs	Sesquiterpene lactones
SOCS	Suppressor of cytokine signaling
SOD	Superoxide dismutase
SOX	SRY-box transcrition factor 9
STATs	Signal transducer and activator of transcription
TGF-β	Transforming growth factor beta
Th1/Th2	Type-1/2 helper T lymphocytes
TIMP	Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases
TIRAP	Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter protein
TLR	Toll-like receptor
TNBS	Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor alpha
TNFR	Tumor necrosis factor receptor
TPA	12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
TRAF	TNFR-associated factor
Trib1	Tribbles pseudokinase 1
TRIF	Toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β
UbcH5	Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme H5
VCAM	Vascular cell adhesion molecule
VEGF	Vascular endothelial growth factor