Table 3.

Advantages and disadvantages of three post-processing techniques.

Post-Processing Technique	Step	Advantages	Disadvantages
1. Freeze Drying	(1)Freezing (2)Primary drying (3)Second drying	Simple technique Suitable for thermolabile substances	Time-consuming Expensive Lyoprotectant required Aggregation often occurs
2. Spray Drying	(1)Atomization (2)Drying	Convenient and most used Time and cost-efficient Suitable for the production of defined particles	Delicate temperature control Biopolymers required Not suitable for thermolabile substances
3. Spray Freeze Drying	(1)Atomization (2)Freezing (3)Freeze drying	Time and cost-efficient No additives required Suitable for thermolabile substances High stability	Cryogenic required