Table 1.
Phytochemical composition of ethanol extracts produced from Centaurea cyanus L., Centaurea jacea L., and Centaurea scabiosa L. flowers.
| Component | RRt | Centaurea cyanus L. |
Centaurea jacea L. |
Centaurea scabiosa L. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| % of the total | ||||
| Pyranone (heterocyclic chemical compounds) | 3.69 | nd | nd | 6.29 |
| Coumaran (furan) | 4.65 | nd | nd | 1.23 |
| Catechol (phenol) | 4.98 | 17.79 | 5.65 | nd |
| 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (furfural) | 5.18 | nd | nd | 7.83 |
| 3-Ethyl-5-methylphenol (phenol) | 8.98 | nd | nd | 2.93 |
| 2-Hydroxy-5-methylbenzaldehyde (aldehyde) | 9.32–9.39 | 9.91 | 8.02 | nd |
| 4-Ethenyl-2-methoxyphenol (phenol) | 6.51 | nd | 1.74 | nd |
| Hydroquinone (phenol) | 6.90 | nd | 2.21 | nd |
| 4-Methoxy-1-naphthol (phenol) | 10.07 | nd | nd | 3.44 |
| Caryophyllene oxide (sesquiterpenoid) | 11.41 | nd | 0.81 | nd |
| (1R,7S,E)-7-Isopropyl-4,10-dimethylenecyclodec-5-enol (sesquiterpenoid) | 12.88 | nd | nd | 4.61 |
| Sucrose (disaccharide) | 13.86 | nd | nd | 3.38 |
| 4-((1E)-3-Hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2-methoxyphenol (phenol) | 14.00–14.38 | 1.37 | nd | 4.45 |
| Neophytadiene (diterpene) | 15.87 | 1.71 | nd | nd |
| 14-Methyl pentadecanoic acid methyl ester (ester) | 17.32 | 0.37 | nd | nd |
| Hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester (ester) | 18.00 | nd | nd | 1.12 |
| Palmitic acid (fatty acid) | 18.10 | 8.76 | 6.49 | 12.57 |
| Phytol (diterpene alcohol) | 20.17 | 4.15 | 1.47 | 1.64 |
| Linoleic acid (fatty acid) | 20.15 | nd | nd | 6.13 |
| Linoleic acid ethyl ester (ester) | 20.48 | nd | nd | 2.50 |
| Linolenic acid ethyl ester (ester) | 20.57 | nd | nd | 2.77 |
| Linolenic acid (fatty acid) | 20.77 | 8.02 | 2.71 | 5.01 |
| [1,1’-Biphenyl]-2-ol acetate (aromatic compound) | 21.24 | nd | nd | 8.58 |
| 4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)benzohydrazide (hydrazide) | 22.77 | nd | nd | 6.33 |
| Chamazulene (aromatic compound) | 23.05 | nd | nd | 1.53 |
| 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic acid (fatty acid) | 24.67 | nd | nd | 5.35 |
| Galangin flavanone (flavonoid) | 24.90 | nd | nd | 1.47 |
| 2-Monopalmitin (alcohol) | 25.56 | 4.49 | nd | 2.73 |
| Palmitic acid β-monoglyceride (ester) | 25.57 | nd | 1.15 | nd |
| 2-Monolinolein (glyceride) | 27.28 | nd | nd | 2.60 |
| Linolenic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester (Z,Z,Z)- (ester) | 27.38 | nd | nd | 1.31 |
| 1-Monolinolein (glyceride) | 27.72 | 4.34 | 0.77 | nd |
| Eriostemin (flavonoid) | 33.39 | nd | 2.73 | nd |
| 1,1,6-trimethyl-3-methylene-2-(3,6,9,13-tetramethyl-6-ethenye-10,14-dimethylene-pentadec-4-enyl)cyclohexane (alkene) | 33.62 | nd | nd | 2.10 |
| Stigmasterol (sterol) | 33.70 | 4.87 | nd | 0.54 |
| γ-Sitosterol (sterol) | 34.29 | 8.64 | nd | 1.10 |
| 3′,5,6-trihydroxy-3,4′,7-trimethoxyflavone (flavonoid) | 34.36 | nd | 60.42 | nd |
| Vitexicarpin (flavonoid) | 35.49 | nd | 5.83 | nd |
| β-Amyrin (triterpene) | 34.54 | 9.33 | nd | nd |
| α-Amyrin (triterpene) | 34.99 | 12.86 | nd | 0.45 |
| Vitamin E acetate (vitamin) | 35.65 | 3.39 | nd | nd |
nd: not detected.