Table 2.
Phytochemical composition of different extracts produced from Centaurea scabiosa L. flowers.
| Component | RRt | EtOH | MeOH | PE | MTBE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % of the total | |||||
| Pyranone (heterocyclic chemical compounds) | 3.69 | 6.29 | nd | nd | nd |
| Coumaran (furan) | 4.62–4.65 | 1.23 | 5.05 | nd | nd |
| 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (furfural) | 5.18–5.27 | 7.83 | 16.48 | nd | nd |
| L-bornyl acetate (terpene ester) | 5.55 | nd | nd | nd | 38.42 |
| Caryophyllene (sesquiterpene) | 7.98 | nd | nd | nd | 8.08 |
| β-Yalangene (sesquiterpene) | 8.05 | nd | nd | 5.32 | nd |
| β-Copaene (sesquiterpene) | 8.20 | nd | nd | 3.36 | nd |
| Humulene (sesquiterpene) | 8.61 | nd | nd | nd | 3.66 |
| Isogermacrene D (sesquiterpene) | 8.66 | nd | nd | 4.39 | nd |
| 3-Ethyl-5-methylphenol (phenol) | 8.98 | 2.93 | nd | nd | nd |
| D-Germacrene (sesquiterpene) | 9.16 | nd | nd | 2.52 | nd |
| β-Bisabolene (sesquiterpene) | 9.68 | nd | nd | nd | 4.48 |
| 3-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid, methyl ester (ester) | 9.92 | nd | 46.60 | nd | nd |
| 4-Methoxy-1-naphthol (phenol) | 10.07 | 3.44 | nd | nd | nd |
| 3-Methyl-coumarin (lactone) | 10.36 | nd | 11.93 | nd | nd |
| Germacrene D-4-ol (sesquiterpene alcohol) | 10.98 | nd | nd | 3.30 | nd |
| Caryophyllene oxide (sesquiterpenoid) | 10.99 | nd | nd | nd | 2.89 |
| Humulenol-II (sesquiterpene alcohol) | 11.69 | nd | 1.84 | nd | nd |
| 2,6-Dimethyl-10-methylene-2,6,11-dodecatrienal (sesquiterpenoid) | 11.91 | nd | 2.01 | nd | nd |
| (1R,7S,E)-7-Isopropyl-4,10-dimethylenecyclodec-5-enol (sesquiterpenoid) | 12.88–13.00 | 4.61 | nd | 5.20 | nd |
| α-Bisabolol (sesquiterpene alcohol) | 12.87 | nd | nd | nd | 1.60 |
| Sucrose (disaccharide) | 13.86–14.29 | 3.38 | 6.37 | nd | nd |
| 4-((1E)-3-Hydroxy-1-propenyl)-2-methoxyphenol (phenol) | 14.00 | 4.45 | nd | nd | nd |
| Palmitic acid (fatty acid) | 17.66–18.10 | 12.57 | nd | 2.46 | nd |
| Hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester (ester) | 18.00 | 1.12 | nd | nd | nd |
| 3-Deoxy-d-mannoic lactone (lactone) | 18.55 | nd | 5.32 | nd | nd |
| 2-Chlorofluorene (aromatic compound) | 19.44 | nd | nd | 1.20 | nd |
| Sclareol (diterpene alcohol) | 19.75 | nd | nd | nd | 4.21 |
| Phytol (diterpene alcohol) | 19.75–20.17 | 1.64 | 0.53 | nd | nd |
| Linoleic acid (fatty acid) | 20.15 | 6.13 | nd | nd | nd |
| (Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-Octadecatrien-1-ol (alcohol) | 20.21 | nd | 1.09 | nd | nd |
| Linoleic acid ethyl ester (ester) | 20.48 | 2.50 | nd | nd | nd |
| Linolenic acid ethyl ester (ester) | 20.57 | 2.77 | nd | nd | 0.40 |
| Linolenic acid (fatty acid) | 20.24–20.77 | 5.01 | nd | 1.14 | nd |
| [1,1’-Biphenyl]-2-ol, acetate (aromatic compound) | 21.24 | 8.58 | nd | nd | nd |
| Tetracosane (alkane) | 22.37–22.50 | nd | nd | 0.78 | 1.93 |
| 4-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)benzohydrazide (hydrazide) | 22.77 | 6.33 | nd | nd | nd |
| Chamazulene (aromatic compound) | 23.05 | 1.53 | nd | nd | nd |
| Linolenic acid, methyl ester (ester) | 23.25 | nd | nd | nd | 1.06 |
| Eicosanoic acid (fatty acid) | 23.77 | nd | nd | 3.24 | nd |
| 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic acid (fatty acid) | 24.67 | 5.35 | nd | nd | nd |
| Galangin flavanone (flavonoid) | 24.90 | 1.47 | nd | nd | nd |
| Pentacosane (alkane) | 24.99–25.13 | nd | nd | 1.46 | 1.43 |
| 2-Monopalmitin (alcohol) | 25.13–25.56 | 2.73 | nd | 0.46 | nd |
| Vitamin A acetate (vitamin) | 26.32 | nd | nd | nd | 2.15 |
| 2-Monolinolein (glyceride) | 27.26–50.40 | 2.60 | 0.89 | 5.89 | nd |
| Linolenic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester (Z,Z,Z)-(ester) | 27.38 | 1.31 | nd | nd | nd |
| Octacosane (alkane) | 27.42–28.65 | nd | nd | 1.05 | 4.17 |
| Desogestrel (hormone) | 28.06 | nd | nd | nd | 1.17 |
| Tetratetracontane (alkane) | 29.69 | nd | nd | nd | 6.36 |
| Tetratriacontane (alkane) | 29.89 | nd | nd | 19.71 | nd |
| Heptacosane-6,8-dione (ketone) | 30.79 | nd | nd | 1.00 | nd |
| Octacosanol (alcohol) | 31.65 | nd | nd | 1.15 | nd |
| Hentriacontane (alkane) | 31.83 | nd | nd | nd | 4.41 |
| Tetratriacontane (alkane) | 32.00 | nd | nd | 4.72 | nd |
| Nonacosane-6,8-dione (ketone) | 32.78–32.98 | nd | nd | 1.12 | 0.50 |
| Campesterol (sterol) | 33.14 | nd | nd | 1.18 | nd |
| Stigmasterol (sterol) | 33.28–33.53 | 0.54 | nd | 3.24 | nd |
| 1,1,6-trimethyl-3-methylene-2-(3,6,9,13-tetramethyl-6-ethenye-10,14-dimethylene-pentadec-4-enyl)cyclohexane (alkene) | 33.62 | 2.10 | nd | nd | nd |
| Canophyllal (triterpenoid) | 33.64 | nd | nd | nd | 1.93 |
| β-Sitosterol (sterol) | 33.87 | nd | nd | nd | 3.04 |
| γ-Sitosterol (sterol) | 33.87–34.29 | 1.10 | nd | 9.26 | nd |
| β-Amyrin (triterpene) | 34.12–34.46 | nd | nd | 1.43 | 0.91 |
| Benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, octadecyl ester (ester) | 37.47 | nd | nd | 7.67 | nd |
| Phytyl decanoate (ester) | 43.86 | nd | nd | 1.75 | nd |
nd: not detected.