Table 3.

Suggestive list of biosurfactants to be used in nanoemulsion.

Biosurfactant	Class	Source	Organism	Cosmetic Properties	Chemical Structure	CMC	Reference
Rhamnolipid	Glycolipid	Bacteria	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	This biosurfactant is a good emulsifying agent. It also has antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, and monocytogenes. It also is known for its skin-repairing abilities by reduced fibrosis.		5–50 mg/L	[142]
Mannosylerthriol lipid	Glycolipid	Fungi	Pseudozyma and Ustilago	This biosurfactant has antiaging properties, particularly in the recovery of skin cells that have been damaged by UV radiation. It also exhibits antimicrobial activities.		1.50–100 mg/L	[143]
Trehalose lipid	Glycolipid	Bacteria	Mycobacterium, Rhodococcus, Arthrobacter, Nocardia, and Gordonia	The biosurfactant can reduce the interfacial tension and increase pseudosolubility of hydrophobic compounds. It also exhibits antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Vibrio harveyi, Proteus vulgaris, and Candida albicans. The mode of biocidal action is by antiadhesion. It also has hydration and restructuring properties.		37 mg/L	[144]
Sophorolipid	Glycolipid	Fungi	Rhodotorula bogoriensis	This biosurfactant has antiaging properties, specifically antiwrinkling.		9.5 mg/L	[145]
Cellobioselipid	Glycolipid	Fungi	Pseudozymafusiformata, Cryptococcus humicola, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Phomopsis helianthi, Ustilago maydis	This biosurfactant can facilitate the dissolution and consumption of organic hydrophobic compounds. It is also known for its antifungal properties.		2 × 10−5 M (pH 4.0), 3.3 × 10−5 M (pH 4.0)	[146]
Emulsan	Polymeric biosurfactant	Bacteria	Acinetobacter calcoaceticus	This biosurfactant is used in the removal of residual oil in oil tanks.		no information available	[147]
Surfactin	Lipopeptides and oligopeptides	Bacteria	Bacillus subtilis	This biosurfactant inhibits fibrin clot formation and has antibacterial properties.		9.4 µM (pH 8.7)	[148,149]
Viscosin	Lipopeptides and oligopeptides	Bacteria	Pseudomonas sp.	This biosurfactant has antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus and Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.		54 mg/L	[150,151]
Amphisin	Lipopeptides and oligopeptides	Bacteria	Pseudomonas sp.	This biosurfactant has antifungal activity.		54 mg/L	[152]
Tolaasin	Lipopeptides and oligopeptides	Bacteria	Pseudomonas	This biosurfactant has antibacterial activity against Bacillus megaterium.		no information available	[153]
Syringomycin	Lipopeptides and oligopeptides	Bacteria	Pseudomonas sp.	This biosurfactant has fungicidal activity against various yeast, Aspergillus species, Candida, Cryptococcus, and Geotrichum.		1.25 mg/mL	[154]
Serrawettin	Lipopeptides and oligopeptides	Bacteria	Serratia marcescens	This biosurfactant has slight or almost insignificant antibacterial activity.		no information available	[155]