Table 1.

List of different photocatalysts and their various parameters for the degradation of phenanthrene.

S. N.	Photocatalyst	Experimental Conditions	Detector/Column	Light Intensity	Wavelength λ (nm)/Light Power	Reaction Kinetics	Efficiency (%)	References
I.	Titanium dioxide-based photocatalysts
1.	TiO2@ZnHCF	pH: 5–9; temp.: 32.3 ± 3.8 °C; dose: 5–25 mg; time: 24 h; conc.: 2–10 mg/L	UV-spectrophotometer	(463 ± 181) W/m2 series: 150–823)	350/-	First-order	95	[27]
2.	Jaboticaba-like TiO2/titanate nanotube composite	pH: 5.0 ± 0.2; temp.: 25 ± 0.5 °C; dose: 0.5 g/L; time: 4 h; conc.: 200 μg/L	HPLC (Agilent 1260, Buffalo, NY, USA) with UV detector/cuboid quartz reactor (5 cm × 5 cm × 12 cm)	2.5 mW/cm2	365/150 W	Pseudo-second-order	92.3	[28]
3.	Nano TiO2	pH: 7; temp.: 300 °C; dose: 0.5 g/L; time: 6 h; conc.: 1000 μg/L	Photocatalytic membrane reactor (PMR)/column (305 mm × 305 mm)	-	254/16 W	-	97	[29]
4.	TiO2 graphene composite (P25-2.5% GR)	pH: 9.2; temp.: room temp.; dose: 25 mg; time: 2 h; conc.: 2 μg/mL	Pyrex glass reactor with water jacket/ HPLC	4.8 mW/cm2	>320/300 W	Pseudo-first-order	81	[30]
5.	Co-TNTs-600	pH: 7.0 ± 0.2; temp.: 25 ± 0.2 °C; dose: 1.0 g/L; time: 12 h; conc.: 200 μg/L	Agilent 1260 Infinity HPLC/Poroshell 120 EC- C18 column (50 mm × 4.6 mm, 2.7 μm)	(85 ± 0.5) mW/cm2	254/450 W	First-order	98.6	[31]
6.	Pt/TiO2-SiO2	pH: NA; temp.: NA; dose: NA; time: NA; conc.: 5 × 10−8 M	High performance liquid chromatography; Hitachi L-7300 HPLC with a fluorescence detector Hitachi L-7485	-	368/-	Pseudo-first-order	34.5	[32]
7.	TiO2 particles	pH: >6.8; temp.: 300 °C; dose: 0.2 g/L; time: 15 min; conc.: 1 mg/L	Agilent 6890 N GC system/capillary column (30 m × 320 μm × 0.25 μm)	6 × 10−7 Einstein/L/s	253.7/8 W	Pseudo-second-order	100	[33]
8.	Aqueous TiO2 suspensions	pH: 2–10; temp.: NA; dose: 50 mg; time: 90 min; conc.: 5.6 × 10−5 mol/g	GC-MS, Trio-2000/BPX 70 column (30 m × 0.25 mm)	30 mW/m2	>320/100 W	-	Over 90	[34]
9.	WO3@anatase-SiO2 aerogel	pH: 10.7; temp.: 30 ± 5 °C; dose: 1.0 wt.%; time: 3 h; conc.: 500 μg/L	HPLC system with UV detector (1260 series, Agilent, USA)	100 mW/cm2	NA/300 W	First-order	95	[35]
10.	Graphite oxide- TiO2-Sr(OH)2/SrCO3	pH: 7.0 ± 0.2; temp.: 22 ± 1 °C; dose: 50 mg/L; time: 6 h; conc.: 1 mg/L	Cylindrical quartz tank reactor with Pyrex pillar/column (80 mm × 75 mm)	100 mW/cm2	250/-	Pseudo-first-order	-	[36]
11.	Nano TiO2	pH: 3; temp.: 21 ± 1 °C; dose: 0.5 g/L; time: 3 h; conc.: 1000 μg/L	GC-MS Agilent technology system consisting of a 6890 GC equipped with DB-5 MS mid polar/column (30 m × 0.25 mm)	-	254/16 W	Pseudo-first-order	84	[37]
12.	Titania immobilized on a quartz tube	pH: NA; temp.: 325 °C; dose: 2.128 g; time: 3 h; conc.: 9.653 × 10−6 mol	Cylindrical glass reactor (38.2 cm long and 0.6 cm i.d) fabricated and quartz rod (38 cm long and 0.3 cm i.d)/column Phenomenex Envirosep -PP (125 mm × 3.2 mm)	8.1 mW/cm2	>290/-	Linear isotherm	35–67	[38]
II.	Iron-based photocatalysts
1.	Peroxymonosulfate activated with bimetallic metal-organic frameworks (FeCo-BDC)	pH: 3.5; temp.: 25 °C; dose: 50 mg/L; time: 30 min; conc.: 1.0 mg/L	Cylindrical glass reactor	-	-	Pseudo-first-order	99	[39]
2.	Iron-based chitosan nanocomposites	pH: neutral pH; temp.: 42.3 ± 4.2 °C; dose: 20 mg; time: 12 h; conc.: 2.0 mg/L	UV-spectrophotometer	(483 ± 181) W/m2 (range −150–23)	-	-	92	[40]
3.	MIL-101(Fe)-X (X= -OH, -NH2, -COOH, -NO2, -H)	pH: 7.08; temp.: room temperature; dose: 0.05 g; time: 150 min; conc.: 10 mg/L	1260 HPLC	35 W/m2	>330/175 W	-	99.98, 99.6, 90.01, 84.89, 77.01 respectively	[41]
4.	Fe3+ ions	pH: NA; temp.: 280 °C; dose: 1.20 × 10−4 mol; time: 3 h; conc.:1.68 × 10−5 mol	Glass reactor with a Xe lamp	-	>420/300 W	-	100	[42]
5.	Persulfate/percarbonate system activated with citric acid (CA) chelated Fe (II)	pH: 9; temp.: 20 ± 0.5 °C; dose: 0.5 mM; time: 60 min; conc.: 1.0 mg/L	High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), LC-20 AT, Shimadzu, Japan with an UV detector/C18 reverse phase column (Inertsil ODS)	-	254/-	Pseudo-first-order	92	[43]
6.	FeHCF nanoparticles	pH: 7; temp.: 31.1 ± 1.7 °C; dose: 25 mg; time: 48 h; conc: 50 mg/L	Gas chromatograph (GC 1300) coupled with mass spectrometer (TSQ8000)	452 ± 183 W/m2	254/-	-	87	[44]
III.	Silver-based photocatalysts
1.	Novel Ca-Ag3PO4 composite	pH: 8.01 ± 0.02; temp.: 25 ± 0.1 °C; dose: 0.9 g/L; time: 12 h; conc.: 0.3 mg/L	Photoreactor equipped with a Xenon lamp	-	>420/500 W	-	96	[45]
2.	Mn3O4/MnO2-cubic Ag3PO4 composite	pH: NA; temp.: 25 ± 1 °C; dose: 0.4 wt.%; time: 20 min; conc.: 10 mg/L	GC-MS device (Agilent 7890 A GC with 5975C series mass spectrometry)/Agilent DB EUPAH column (122–5532, 30 m × 250 μm × 0.25 μm)	150 mW/m2	>420/300 W	First-order	96.2	[46]
3.	GO/Ag3PO4 composite	pH: NA; temp.: NA; dose: 1.0 g/L; time: 7 min; conc.: 600 μg/L	Agilent 1260 Infinity high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system/Venusil XBP-C18 column (5 μm, 4.6 mm × 250 mm)	150 mW/m2	254/300 W	First-order	100	[47]
4.	Ag3PO4 /GO	pH: NA; temp.: 25 ± 2 °C; dose: 3 wt.%; time: 5 min; conc.: 600 μg/L	Agilent 1260 Infinity high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system/Venusil XBP-C18 column (5 μm, 4.6 mm × 250 mm)	150 mW/m2	>420/300 W	Pseudo-first-order	100	[48]
IV.	Carbon-based photocatalysts
1.	SSNT@GQD with persulfate and without persulfate	pH: 7.0; temp.: 300 °C; dose: 0.268 g/L with 1 mM PS; time: 4 h; conc.: 0.1 mM	HPLC, Younglin 9100 equipped with diode array detector (DAD) Younglin 9120/Zorbax SB-C18 column (4.6 mm × 150 mm, 5 μm particle size, Agilent)	1.65 mW/cm2	325/4 W	Pseudo-first-order	81 and 91 respectively	[49]
2.	rG1 and rG2 Slurry	pH: NA; temp.: 150 °C; dose: 2 mg; time: 280 min; conc.: 50 mL	Photoreactor with a UV lamp	-	254/16 W	-	25–30	[50]
3.	Biochar	pH: NA; temp.: 25 ± 1 °C; dose: 6 g/L; time: 6 h; conc.: 9.07 ± 0.08 mg/L	DIONEX U3000 HPLC (Dionex, USA) using an ultraviolet detector/reversed phase SUPELCOSIL LC-PAH column (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm)	-	254/16 W	-	71.8–98.6	[51]
V.	Zinc-based photocatalysts
1.	NiO-ZnO	pH: neutral pH ~7; temp.: 33.4 ± 3.7 °C; dose: 80 mg; time: 12 h; conc.: 2 mg/L	Agilent (7890, USA) with HP5-MS capillary column	-	350/-	First-order	93	[52]
2.	ZnS coupled Ag2S nanoparticles	pH: NA; temp.: 598 °C; dose: NA; time: 90 min; conc.: NA	Agilent 1260 HPLC	-	300–800/-	-	> 80	[53]