Table A4.
Selected papers for air quality EF.
| Reference Number of the Research Study | Air Quality Physical Variables Monitored (in Brackets the Name of Used Sensor or Wearable, if Available) | Other Factors Monitored (in Brackets the Name of Used Sensor or Wearable, if Available) | Indoor/Outdoor and Field of Application | Practical Implication | Limitation of the Considered Wearable |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [101] | 14 volatile organic compounds (Microfabricated Preconcentrator Chip—μPC) | Thermal: temperature and humidity data. GPS. (Microfabricated Preconcentrator Chip—μPC) | Outdoor. | This wearable has potential applications, including hazardous VOC exposure monitoring in occupational hazard assessment for certain professions, for example in industries | |
| [102] | 15 volatile organic compounds (Microfabricated Preconcentrator Chip—μPC) | Thermal: temperature and humidity data. GPS. (Microfabricated Preconcentrator Chip—μPC) | Outdoor. | This device can be useful to collect personal exposure data for epidemiology studies, and may be especially relevant for asthma studies involving VOC triggers. | Size and weight |
| [104] | TVOCs | Thermal: temperature and humidity data. | Indoor/Outdoor | The study demonstrate the potential of the device for environmental monitoring, individual health (biomarkers detection) and population health studies. | |
| [105] | VOCs, CO | Indoor/Outdoor | The proposed VOC device is adequate to characterize personal exposure in many real-world scenarios and is applicable for personal daily use. | ||
| [106] | VOCs, CO | Indoor/Outdoor | This integrated approach offers a cost-effective and reliable platform for personal exposure assessment. | ||
| [107] | Ozone (MiCS-2614), TVOCs (SGPC3) | Thermal: Air Temperature and Relative humidity (SHT30-DIS-B). Accelerometer for activity level (NXP MMA8652FC) | Indoor/Outdoor | This work shows that an inexpensive and compact wearable device can be built, and it also reveals additional improvement, particularly in shortening of response time, reducing cross interference from unintended gases present in air, and determining when recalibration is necessary are all important for a device intended for use under real-world scenarios. | |
| [45] | CO, NO2, O3, and SO2. | Thermal: Air Temperature and Relative humidity. Visual: UV. Accelerometer to track a user’s activity. | Indoor/Outdoor | Outdoor and indoor air quality assessment. | The system had not been fully developed in terms of the Internet connectivity and smartphone application. |
| [110] | Particulate matter—PM2.5 (Ultrasonic Personal Aerosol Sampler—UPAS) | Indoor. Rural Honduran women who use wood-burning cookstoves. | Using the UPAS as a personal exposure monitor for household air pollution studies. | ||
| [69] | Ozone, Sulfur Dioxide, Volatile Organic Compounds (Eco-Mini) | Acoustic: Sound pressure level. Thermal: relative humidity, temperature. Visual: ambient light color balance, 3-axis accelerometer and GPS location (Eco-Mini) | Indoor/Outdoor | New forms of low-cost portable monitors have begun to emerge that enable the collection of higher spatial density “crowd sourced” data. | |
| [112] | PM1, PM2.5, PM10 (Alphasense OPC-N2) | Relative humidity and air temperature (DHT22) because the velocities of the particles change under varying temperature and humidity conditions according to the Ideal Gas Law and it is important for the system to be examined separately under each variable condition in a controlled manner. | Indoor/Outdoor | The results of this study show that a reliable wireless environmental monitoring system for real-time remote air quality and health monitoring applications is feasible. | battery size and lifespan |
| [121] | NO2, CO | Indoor. Laboratory test | A low-power sensing platform for health and environment monitoring with embedded sensors and external sensors was developed and tested. | ||
| [113] | PM1, PM2.5, PM10 | Indoor (second and fourth floor flats, cafes, cars, restaurants, underground metro). Outdoor. | The study showed that the residences’ air quality was determined by the type and intensity of outdoor sources and their vertical distance from the street. Indoor activities such as cooking and cleaning further increased PM levels and formulated the air quality, while particulate accumulation was evident. | ||
| [125] | CO2 (COZIR-GC0012) | Thermal: air temperature, relative humidity (BME280). Pressure (BME280). Visual: illuminance (TSL2591) | Indoor Environmental Quality assessment | The proposed work provides an effective and reliable solution for long-term monitoring that presents many opportunities in safety related monitoring applications, by using a wireless sensor network for wearable environmental monitoring. | |
| [122] | NO2, CO and SO2 additionally (Ubiqsens) | Thermal: air temperature, relative humidity. Pressure. Acoustic: noise level. Accelerometer, Gyroscope, Magnetometer. (Ubiqsense) | Indoor. Laboratory test. | The wearables for gas monitoring under real laboratory conditions show high potential. | |
| [114] | PM2.5 | GPS | Indoor/Outdoor. Children in their everyday environments | The overall findings of this study indicate that both the choice of transport mode and the type of neighborhood built environment have an influence on children’s exposure to fine particulate matter during their school commute. This study has revealed how the school commute can be a target for various mitigation strategies by city planners, transportation engineers, school boards, and parents aimed at reducing the burden of air pollution on children. The finding that mean PM2.5 exposure was lowest among those who walked to and from school and higher among those who were driven should be of particular interest to public health professionals promoting active school travel. | |
| [111] | PM2.5, PM10 | Indoor. Two Buddhist temples in Tai-Chung | This study was conducted to assess worshippers’ exposure to PM10 and PM2.5 in two different types of Buddhist temples in Tai-Chung. As a result, people should spend less time in Buddhist temples, choose a well-ventilated temple, or avoid visiting temples on the 1st and 15th days of the lunar month. | ||
| [115] | PM2.5 | GPS, Wearable cameras. | Indoor (household). Outdoor. | The study investigates the relationship between particulate air pollution from outdoor and household sources with markers of atherosclerosis in Telangana, India. | |
| [123] | NO2, CO | Thermal: temperature, humidity. Air pressure. | Indoor/Outdoor | In this work, a preliminary innovative working prototype of a wrist-worn watch health sensor monitoring system for environment air quality (physical and chemical parameters) was introduced. | |
| [68] | CO (DDScientific GD) and CO2 (Dynament MSH-P-CO2/NC) concentration [ppm], VOCs [kOhm] (Figaro TGS8100) | Air Temperature [°C], Relative Humidity [%] (BME280). Wind Direction [°], Wind Speed [m/s] (LCJ-CAPTEURS CV07-OEM). Surface Temperature [°C] (Flir vue Pro R). Visual: Illuminance [lx], Global solar radiance [W/m2] (SP-215) | Outdoor. Wearable used to study pedestrians’ exposure to urban environmental conditions | A miniaturized microclimate station, specifically tailored to be worn while walking or biking and therefore to collect data according to the pedestrian perspective in anthropized areas. | |
| [116] | PM2.5 | GPS, Wearable cameras. | Indoor (household). Outdoor. | The study investigates the relationship between particulate air pollution from outdoor and household sources with markers of atherosclerosis in Telangana, India. | |
| [76] | ultrafine particles (UFP, <100 nm diameter) | Noise exposure (NEATVIBEwear) | Indoor. Transit, home, school | Personal measurements of UFP (ultrafine particle) and noise will enable researchers to investigate the independent and/or joint-effects of these health-relevant environmental exposures. | NEATVIBEwear, in its current release, does not allow for 1/3-octave band or spectral measurements of traffic noise. |
| [126] | CO and CO2 (WE-Safe) | Thermal: Air Temperature and Relative humidity. Visual: UV. (WE-Safe) | Indoor/Outdoor | This paper presented a wearable for people working in extreme and harsh environments when they are not in safe zones. Such an IoT platform will present new opportunities for saving lives or preventing health issues etc. | |
| [108] | O3, NOx, COx, and VOCs | Thermal: Air Temperature and Relative humidity. Visual: UV, ambient light. | Indoor/Outdoor | The aim of this study is to develop a wearable environmental monitoring system (WEMS), an IoT device, to measure environmental variables. Such an IoT platform will present new opportunities for saving lives or preventing health issues, etc. | |
| [117] | PM (with 6 particle size channels: 0.3 µm, 0.5 µm, 1.0 µm, 2.5 µm, 5.0 µm, 10 µm) (CEM DT-9881) | Thermal: Air Temperature and Relative humidity (CEM DT-9881). Heart rate and the cadence of walking or cycling speed (Wahoo Fitness sensor TICKR RUN). Subjective data about the feelings of air quality and the symptoms (e.g., cough, sore throat, eye itchiness, etc.) reported via the smartphone App CrowdAir | Outdoor | The data collection operation and data analysis results demonstrate the feasibility of the adopted methodology and the developed platform to identify the correlations among air quality indicators, participants’ subjective feelings of air quality, physical activity status measured by wearable sensors, and reported symptoms. | |
| [79] | PM2.5 an PM10 (PLANTOWER PM5003). | Thermal: air humidity, temperature (PLANTOWER PM5003). Noise [db] (LENA—Language Environment Analysis System) | Indoor. School, Home. | Preliminary results indicate that it is feasible to gather personal Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10), language, and noise data, cognitive assessments, and biospecimens from a sample of 3-4-year-old children. | |
| [88] | Combustible gas concentration (NTC IGD) | Air Temperature [°C] (ATxmega16E5 in-built temperature sensor) | Indoor. Employee state monitoring | A wearable wireless sensor system can be attached to a uniform and used for monitoring combustible gas concentration and temperature. The main feature of the wireless system is the possibility to be activated remotely by an RF control signal. | |
| [127] | explosive and nerve-agent | Indoor. Laboratory test | The study describes a wireless wearable ring-based sensor system for rapid electrochemical monitoring of explosive and nerve-agent threats in vapor and liquid phases. Overall, such a fully integrated ring-based wearable platform holds considerable promise for meeting rapidly growing defense and security sensing needs. | ||
| [90] | Ozone, particulate matter, CO (EnviroSensor 2.0). | Thermal: Temperature [°C], Relative Humidity [%]. Position: Latitude and longitude (EnviroSensor 2.0). | Laboratory test | Portable air quality sensors have the potential to fill in the gap left by traditional air pollution monitoring. | Power draw of the sensor |
| [124] | CO2 (COZIR-AJ-5000) | Thermal: Temperature [°C], Relative Humidity [%] (SHT21). Air pressure (BMP180). Acceleration and angular velocity (MPU-6050). | Indoor/Outdoor | The device capability has been assessed using a testing strategy that included three scenarios: indoor measurements, outdoor measurements, and indoor-outdoor measurements. It has shown promising results and a good match with the values found in the literature. | |
| [91] | CO2 [ppm] | Temperature [°C], Relative Humidity [%] (SHT11) | Indoor. | This indoor smart environment monitoring system for safety applications is based on custom wearable sensor nodes, connected to a static WSN. The system has been developed for a hazardous gas environment, but could be applied to a number of other safety applications or in other areas such as the tracking of medical devices in a hospital. | |
| [92] | Ozone. | Thermal: Temperature [°C], Relative Humidity [%]. Biometric parameters: Herat rate, respiratory rate and expiratory airflow, skin impedance. Acceleration. | Indoor. | The system consists of a wristband, a chest patch, and a handheld spirometer. | |
| [93] | distinguishing and counting differently sized particles (My Part) | Thermal: Temperature [°C], Relative Humidity [%] (My Part). | Indoor/Outdoor. | The study reports the results of a preliminary user study conducted to evaluate the experience of using the overall system in terms of accuracy, low cost, and portability. | |
| [95] | NO2, O3 and CO | Thermal: Temperature [°C], Relative Humidity [%]. | Outdoor. | The author reports the design and initial deployment of the Citisense mobile air quality sensing system. | |
| [103] | VOCs (Figaro TG2620 sensor) | Outdoor. | The authors presented WearAir, an expressive T-shirt to sense the surrounding air quality, as indicated by the measured volatile organic compounds. It can motivate others to study ways to convey environmental information more effectively. | ||
| [118] | PM2.5 (RTI MicroPEM v3.2b) | Thermal: Temperature [°C], Relative Humidity [%]. Acceleration. (RTI MicroPEM v3.2b). | Outdoor. | Authors developed a machine learning model for identifying periods of bicycling activity using passively collected data from the MicroPEM wearable. This finding helps strengthen the case for using wearable monitors in exposure assessment studies, as it becomes possible to estimate potential inhaled doses if personal exposure data is combined with respiration rate. | |
| [84] | Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons—PAHs, oxygenated PAHs—OPAHs, Polychlorinated biphenyls—PCBs, Pesticides, organophophorous flame retardants—OPFRs. (MyExposome). Surface ozone content—SOC (2BTech Personal Ozone Monitor) | Thermal: Air Temperature and relative humidity (Model HTR-170). Visual: UV (UV dosimeter badge). | Outdoor. | Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) indicate possible causes of hair damages. This is the first meteorotropic study of its kind, combining environmental aggressors related to hair damage, opening new research hypothesis further studies on exposome. | |
| [72] | CO and NO2 | Thermal: air humidity, temperature. Acoustic: Sound pressure level [db] (MLMS-EMGN-4.0). Air pressure | Indoor. Laboratory | This device measures several physical and chemical environmental parameters that are known to be hazardous. | |
| [75] | NO2, CO | Acoustic: Sound level [db]. Thermal: air temperature and relative humidity. UV. Biometrics: skin temperature, heart rate. Motion activity (9 Degree of Freedom(DoF)) motion tracking by accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetometer. | Indoor/Outdoor | Wrist-worn devices can integrate parameters from the environmental, behavioral, and physiological domains. | |
| [78] | Styrene exposure derived by biological monitoring in saliva and urine | Noise levels (Quest DLX-1) | Indoor. Workers employed in molding and in artifacts refining | A significant negative correlation was found between otoacoustic emission levels and the concentration of the styrene exposure. |