Table 4.
Comparative prevalence (%) and mean levels (ng/L) of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A (OTA), deoxynivalenol (DON), and zearalenone (ZEN), as well as their metabolites α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) and β-zearalenol (β-ZEL) analyzed in adults’ urine of different countries.
| Mycotoxin | Chile (This study) | Belgium [30] | Italy [31] | Germany [32] | Germany [33] | Sweden [34] | Brazil [35] | Haiti [32] | USA [36] | South Africa [37] | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mycotoxin Prevalence (%) | Aflatoxins | 9 | - | 6 | 0 | - | - | 12 | 11 | 13 | 0 |
| OTA | 0.6 | 35 | 100 | 15 | 77 | 51 | 27 | 47 | 87 | 96 | |
| DON | 55 | 37 | 96 | 8 | 100 | 63 | 88 | 24 | - | 87 | |
| ZEN | 0.6 | - | 100 | - | 100 | 37 | 7 | - | - | 100 | |
| α-ZEL | 8 | 0.4 | 100 | 0 | 46 | 21 | 0 | 4 | - | 92 | |
| β-ZEL | 6 | - | 98 | - | 23 | 18 | 0 | - | - | 75 | |
| Mycotoxin Mean Level (ng/L) | Aflatoxins | 500 | - | 68 | - | - | - | 20 * | 60 | 4670 | - |
| OTA | - | 27.8 | 140 | 97 | 66 | 460 | 20 * | 110 | 6200 | 24 | |
| DON | 60,700 | 3900 | 11,890 | 2000 | 6850 | 3370 | 12,000 * | 3200 | - | 4940 | |
| ZEN | 1100 | - | 60 | - | 31 | 30 | 20 * | - | - | 204 | |
| α-ZEL | 41,800 | 5000 | 80 | - | 16 | 30 | - | 1460 | - | 247 | |
| β-ZEL | 17400 | - | 90 | 1420 | 8 | 20 | - | - | - | 244 |
* Creatinine-adjusted.