Table 4.
Occurrence and levels of AFM1 in milk and dairy products in South-Asian countries.
| Country | Sample Type | Positive Samples n (%) |
Mean (ng/L) |
Range (ng/L) |
Samples ≥ 50 ng/L n (%) |
Analytical Method | LOD/LOQ ng/L |
References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bangladesh | Raw Milk | 75/105 (71.4) | 41.1 | 5–198.7 | 25 (23.8) | ELISA (SKM) | 5.0/- | Present study |
| Pasteurized milk | 15/15 (100) | 106 | 17.2–187.7 | 11 (73.3) | ||||
| UHT milk | 15/15 (100) | 73 | 12.2–146.9 | 11 (73.3) | ||||
| Milk powder | 4/5 (80) | 6.6 | 5.9–7.0 | 0 | ||||
| Yogurt | 5/5 (100) | 16.9 | 8.3–41.1 | 0 | ||||
| Bangladesh | Raw milk | 35/50 (70.0) | 699.1 | 22.8–1489.3 | 34 (97.0) | ELISA (SKM) | 18.0/NI | [24] |
| Pasteurized milk | 13/25 (52.0) | 99.8 | 18.1–672.2 | 6 (46.0) | ||||
| UHT milk | 05/25 (20.0) | 35.5 | 25.1–49.0 | 0 | ||||
| India | IMF | 17/17 (100.0) | 350.0 | 77.0–844.0 | 17 (100.0) | ELISA (SKM) | NI | [30] |
| Infant formula | 17/18 (94.0) | 326.0 | 143.0–770.0 | 17 (100.0) | ||||
| MBCWF | 38/40 (95.0) | 267.0 | 65.0–1012.0 | 38 (100.0) | ||||
| Liquid milk | 4/12 (33.0) | 86.0 | 28.0–164.0 | 3 (75.0) | ||||
| India | Raw milk | 110/189 (58.0) | 917.0 | 7.0–13,100.0 | 96 (50.8) | ELISA (SKM) | 5.0/NI | [31] |
| India | Infant formula | 18/18 (100.0) | NI | 150.0–713.0 | 18 (100.0) | ELISA (SKM) | 5.0/NI | [32] |
| Liquid milk | 54/54 (100.0) | NI | 172.0–820.0 | 54 (100.0) | ||||
| India | UHT milk | 30/45 (66.6) | NI | NI | 29 (96.7) | HPLC (IAC) | 4.0/NI | [33] |
| Raw milk | 3/7 (42.9) | NI | NI | NI | ||||
| Pasteurized milk | 29/45 (42.9) | NI | NI | 3 (10.3) | ||||
| India | Buffalo milk | 58/150 (38.6) | 26.0 | NI | 9 (16.0) | ELISA (SKM) HPLC (IAC) | 5.0/NI (ELISA) | [34] |
| Cow milk | 68/150 (45.3) | 18.0 | NI | 30 (44.0) | ||||
| Goat milk | 50/150 (33.3) | 14.0 | NI | 5 (10.0) | ||||
| Sheep milk | 55/150 (36.6) | 17.0 | NI | 7 (12.0) | ||||
| Cheese | 2/2 (100.0) | NI | NI | 0 | ||||
| Nepal | Raw milk | 8/16 (50.0) | 30.0 | 26.0–138.0 | 4 (25.0) | TLC | NI | [35] |
| Pasteurized milk | 6/16 (37.5) | 22.0 | 25.0–127.0 | 3 (18.8) | ||||
| Pakistan | Raw milk | 168/168 (100) | 199–503 | 10–700 | 167 (99.4) | Fluorometric (IAC) | NI | [36] |
| Pakistan | UHT milk | 85 (NI) | 254.9 | ND-1536.0 | 80 (94.1) | ELISA (SKM) | 4.4/NI | [37] |
| Pasteurized milk | 78/78 (100.0) | 939.5 | 32.8–4808.0 | 74 (95.0) | ||||
| Raw milk | 55/55 (100.0) | 1535.0 | 1912.0–7460.7 | 55 (100.0) | ||||
| Pakistan | Milk | 143/156 (91.7) | 346.2 | 20.0–3090.0 | 125 (80.1) | ELISA (SKM) | 5.0/NI | [38] |
| Pakistan | Raw milk | 137/150 (91.3) | 198.8 | 6.0–554.0 | 108 (72.0) | ELISA (SKM) | 4.3/5.0 | [39] |
| TW | 30/30 (100.0) | 113.0 | 13.0–257.0 | 17 (56.0) | ||||
| UHT milk | 30/30 (100.0) | 164.0 | 10.0–345.0 | 20 (66.0) | ||||
| Pakistan | Milk | 76/107 (71) | 150.1 | 4.0–845.4 | 44 (58.0) | HPLC (IAC) | 4.0/NI | [40] |
| Yogurt | 59/96 (61.0) | 94.4 | 4.0–615.8 | 28 (47.0) | ||||
| Butter | 33/74 (45.0) | 69.7 | 4.0–413.4 | 17 (52.0) | ||||
| Pakistan | Raw milk | 63/107 (59.0) | 55.0 | <4.0–980.0 | 38 (35.5) | HPLC-FLD (IAC) | 4.0/12.0 | [41] |
| Pakistan | Milk | 76/107 (71) | 212.2 | 4–845.4 | 44 (58) | HPLC-FLD (IAC) | 4/NI | [40] |
| Yogurt | 59/96 (61) | 147.1 | 4–615.8 | 28 (47) | ||||
| White Cheese | 93/119 (78) | 189.1 | 4–595.4 | 14 (15) | ||||
| Cheese cream | 89/150 (59) | 172.9 | 4–456.3 | 10 (11) | ||||
| Butter | 33/74 (45) | 156.3 | 4–413.4 | 17 (52) | ||||
| Pakistan | Shop milk | 137/175 (78.0) | 176.0 | 2.0–1600.0 | 50 (28.6) | ELISA (SKM) | 2.0/NI | [42] |
| Household milk | 25/40 (62.0) | 470.0 | 3.0–1900.0 | 18 (45.0) | ||||
| Farm milk | 15/17 (88.0) | 110.0 | 2.0–794.0 | 7(41.0) | ||||
| Sweets | 134/138 (97.0) | 480.0 | 10.0–1500.0 | 108 (78.0) | 10.0/NI | |||
| Pakistan | Milk | 18/21 (85.7) | NI | 11.0–14.0 | 0 | ELISA (SKM) | NI | [43] |
| Yogurt | 6/10 (60.0) | NI | 10.0–13.0 | |||||
| Butter | 4/10 (40.0) | NI | 7.0–7.4 | |||||
| Sri Lanka | Milk | 29/87 (33.3) | 40.2 | 13.1–84.5 | 8 (9.2) | HPLC (IAC) | 10.0/NI | [44] |
NI: not indicated, UHT: ultra-high temperature, IMF: infant milk food, MBCWF: milk based cereal weaning food, TW: tea whitener, ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, HPLC-FLD: high pressure liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, SKM: skim milk, IAC: immunoaffinity columns. Note: for cheese, EU limit is 250 ng/kg.