Table 2.

Summary of the effects of TTX on pain studies in laboratory animals.

Administration of TTX	TTX Doses	Effect (None, Moderate, Strong)	Pain Test	Pain Model	Reference
Sciatic nerve blockade	TTX osmotic pump	Strong	MA, TH	SNI and CCI	[61]
Topical DRG	12.5–50 nM/5 µL	Strong (12.5–50 µg)	MA	SNL	[62]
Epidural	25 nM/5 µL	Strong (25 µg)	MA	SNL	[62]
Topical median nerve	Gel pads with TTX	Strong	MA	CCI	[63]
Intraperitoneal	25 nM/5 µL	None	MA	SNL	[62]
	8 µg	None	MA	CINP (vincristine)	[64]
Subcutaneous	1–6 µg	Strong	MA, TH, CA	CINP (paclitaxel)	[65]
	6 µg	Strong	MA	intraplantar capsaicin	[66]
	0.3–6 µg	Strong (1–6 µg)	MA, TH	SNL	[57]
	Acute and subchronic TTX (1–6 µg)	Strong	MA, TH	CCI	[67]
	Acute and subchronic TTX (1–6 µg)	Moderate	MA, TH	CCI-intraorbital nerve	[67]
	8 µg	Strong	MA, TH	burn-induced pain	[68]
Intragastrical	5–20 µg	Strong	MA, TH	Postherpetic Neuralgia (RTX)	[69]
Intramuscular	Acute and subchronic TTX (1–6 µg s.c.)	Strong	MA	Postherpetic Neuralgia (RTX)	[69]
	0.03–1 ug	Moderate	MH	CINP (oxaliplatin)	[70]
Intrathecal	10 µg	Strong	MA, TH	bone cancer pain	[71]

Pain tests (CA: Cold allodynia; MA: Mechanical allodynia; MH: Mechanical hyperalgesia; TH: Thermal hyperalgesia). Pain models (CCI: Chronic constriction injury; CINP: Chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain; SNI: spared nerve injury; SNL: spinal nerve ligation; RTX: Resiniferatoxin).