Table 4.
Effects of other toxins targeting sodium channels in preclinical models of neuropathic pain.
| Toxin | Organism | NaV Subtype Targeted | Pain Model | Administration | Effect | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ST2530 | Synthetic derived from saxitoxin. Dinoflagellate (Gonyaulax catenella) | NaV1.7 | SNI | systemic | reduced MA | [87] |
| µO-CTX MrVIB | Cone snail (Conus marmoreus) | NaV1.8 | PNL | intrathecally | reduced MA and TH | [89] |
| ProTx-II | Spider (Thrixopelma pruriens) | NaV1.7 | CINP (paclitaxel) and PDN | intrathecally | reduced MA and TH | [42,91] |
| Heteropodatoxin3 (HpTx3) | Spider (Heteropoda venatoria) | NaV1.7 | SNI | systemic | reduced MA | [92] |
| HnTX-IV | Spider (Ornithoctonus hainana) | NaV1.2, NaV1.3 and NaV1.7 | SNI | systemic | reduced MA | [93,94] |
| HwTx-IV | Spider (Ornithoctonus huwena) | NaV1.7 | SNI | systemic | reduced MA | [93,94] |
Pain tests (MA: Mechanical allodynia; TH: Thermal hyperalgesia). Pain models (CINP: Chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain; PDN: painful diabetic neuropathy; PNL: partial nerve ligation; SNI: spared nerve injury).