Table 1.
Bat species in which natural coronavirus infection has been explored in the Americas.
| Bat Species | N † | NP ‡ | % | CS § | Country ¶ | Samples Examined # |
CoV †† | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emballonuridae | ||||||||
| Balantiopterix plicata | 8 | 0 | 0 | Up | M | T | [28] | |
| Cormura brevirostris | 1 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Peropteryx kappleri | 5 | 0 | 0 | Cr | F | [29] | ||
| Peropteryx leucoptera | 1 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br | T | [30] | |
| Rhynchonycteris naso | 6 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br,E,M | F,S,U,R,T | [15,21,29] | |
| Saccopteryx bilineata | 122 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br,Cr,M,Pa | F,S,U,R,T | [15,21,29,31] | |
| Saccopteryx canescens | 1 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Saccopteryx gymnura | 1 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Saccopteryx leptura | 2 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br,Pa | F,S,U,R,T | [15,29] | |
| Saccopteryx sp. | 1 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Molossidae | ||||||||
| * Cynomops abrasus | 11 | 3 | 27.2 | Br | F,T | α | [32] | |
| * Cynomops planirostris | 5 | 3 | 60 | Br | F,T | α | [32] | |
| * Eumops glaucinus | 41 | 1 | 2.4 | Up | Br,Cr | F,R,T | β | [28,30,31,33] |
| Eumops maurus | 1 | 0 | 0 | E | F | [29] | ||
| Eumops perotis | 1 | 0 | 0 | Br | T | [28] | ||
| Eumops sp. | 7 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Molossops temminckii | 1 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br | T | [30] | |
| * Molossus currentium | 38 | 1 | 2.6 | Up | B,Br, | S,U,R,T | α | [15,29] |
| Molossus major | 25 | 0 | 0 | T | G,R | [28] | ||
| * Molossus molossus | 239 | 3 | 1.2 | Up | B,Br,Pa | F,S,U,R,T | α | [15,28,29,30,33,34] |
| * Molossus rufus | 119 | 9 | 7.5 | Up | B,Br,Cr,E | F,S,U,R,T | α | [15,28,29,30,31,33] |
| Molossus sinaloae | 65 | 0 | 0 | A,Up | Cr | F,R | [31] | |
| * Nyctinomops laticaudatus | 10 | 2 | 20 | Cv,Up | M,Br | B,F,S,U,R,T | β | [15,21,30] |
| Nyctinomops macrotis | 45 | 0 | 0 | Up | M | B,F,S,U,R,T | [15,21] | |
| Promops nasutus | 1 | 0 | 0 | Up | B | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| * Tadarida brasiliensis | 265 | 20 | 7.5 | Cv,Up | A,B,Br,U,M | B,G,F,S,U,R,T | α | [15,21,27,33,34,35,36,37,38,39] |
| Natalidae | ||||||||
| Natalus lanatus | 5 | 0 | 0 | Cr | F | [29] | ||
| Natalus mexicanus | 34 | 0 | 0 | Up | M | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Vespertilionidae | ||||||||
| Antrozous pallidus | 13 | 0 | 0 | P | U | F | [35] | |
| Dasypterus ega | 1 | 0 | 0 | Up | B | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Histiotus velatus | 24 | 0 | 0 | Up | B | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| * Bauerus dubiaquercus | 42 | 2 | 4.7 | Up | M | S,U,R,T | [15,21] | |
| Corynorhinus mexicanus | 13 | 0 | 0 | Up | M | S,U,R,T | [15,21] | |
| Corynorhinus townsendii | 4 | 0 | 0 | Up | U | F | [35] | |
| Eptesicus andinus | 2 | 0 | 0 | Up | B | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Eptesicus brasilensis | 10 | 0 | 0 | A | Cr | F,R | [31] | |
| Eptesicus furinalis | 13 | 0 | 0 | A,Up | Br,Cr,M | F,S,U,R,T | [15,30,31,33] | |
| * Eptesicus fuscus | 647 | 73 | 11.1 | A,Cv,Up | Cr,U | F,S,R,T | α | [21,27,31,35,40,41] |
| * Eptesicus sp. | 1 | 1 | 100 | Cv,Up | Br,M | B,T | α | [21,30] |
| Euderma maculatum | 3 | 0 | 0 | P | U | F | [35] | |
| Lasionycteris noctivagans | 44 | 0 | 0 | Up | U | F,S,R | [27,35] | |
| Lasiurus cinereus | 47 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br,Ca,U,M | F,T | [28,33,35,42] | |
| Lasiurus ega | 19 | 0 | 0 | Up | B | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Lasiurus intermedius | 2 | 0 | 0 | Up | M | S,U,R,T | [15,21] | |
| Myotis albescens | 10 | 0 | 0 | Up | B,Br,E | F,S,U,R,T | [15,29] | |
| * Myotis californicus | 11 | 1 | 9.0 | Up | U,M | F,S,U,R,T | [15,35] | |
| Myotis ciliolabrum | 30 | 0 | 0 | Up | U | F,T | [27,35] | |
| Myotis elegans | 1 | 0 | 0 | A | Cr | F,R | [31] | |
| * Myotis evotis | 59 | 1 | 1.6 | Cv,Up | U | F,S,R,T | [27,35] | |
| Myotis keaysi | 37 | 0 | 0 | Cv,Up | B,M | S,U,R,T | [15,21] | |
| Myotis levis | 1 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| * Myotis lucifugus | 243 | 57 | 23.4 | C,Up | Ca, U | F,T | α | [35,41,42,43] |
| * Myotis nigricans | 55 | 1 | 1.8 | A,Up | B,Br,Cr,E,M,Pa,Pe | F,S,U,R,T | [15,21,28,29,30,31,33] | |
| * Myotis occultus | 40 | 5 | 12.5 | Up | U,M | B,F,S,U,R,T | α | [15,21,27,35] |
| Myotis oxyotus | 53 | 0 | 0 | Up | B | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| * Myotis riparius | 5 | 1 | 20 | Up | B,Br | S,U,R,T | α | [15,33] |
| Myotis sp. | 22 | 0 | 0 | Up | B,Br | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Myotis thysanodes | 22 | 0 | 0 | Cv | U | F | [35] | |
| * Myotis velifer | 24 | 6 | 25 | Up | M | B,F,S,U,R,T | α | [15,21] |
| * Myotis volans | 154 | 12 | 7.8 | Cv,Up | U | F,S,R,T | α | [27,35] |
| Myotis yumanensis | 18 | 0 | 0 | Cv | U | F | [35] | |
| Parastrellus hesperus | 14 | 0 | 0 | Cv | U | F | [35] | |
| * Perimyotis subflavus | 6 | 2 | 33.3 | Up | U | F | [40,41] | |
| Rhogeessa io | 3 | 0 | 0 | A,Up | B,Cr | F,S,U,R,T | [15,31] | |
| Rhogeessa tumida | 6 | 0 | 0 | Cv | Cr,Pa | F,R | [29,31] | |
| Mormoopidae | ||||||||
| Mormoops megalophylla | 32 | 0 | 0 | Cv,Up | M | B,F,S,U,R,T | [11,15,28] | |
| Mormoops sp. | 1 | 0 | 0 | T | G,R | [44] | ||
| * Pteronotus fulvus | 12 | 1 | 8.3 | C,Cv,Up | M | B,F,S,U,R,T | β | [15,21,28] |
| Pteronotus gymnonotus | 2 | 0 | 0 | Cv | Cr | F,R | [31] | |
| * Pteronotus mesoamericanus | 504 | 15 | 2.9 | Cv,Up | Br,Cr,M,T | B,G,F,S,U,R,T | β | [15,21,28,29,31,44] |
| * Pteronotus psilotis | 10 | 1 | 10 | Up | M | S,U,R,T | α | [15,28] |
| Pteronotus sp. | 1 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Noctilionidae | ||||||||
| Noctilio albiventris | 9 | 0 | 0 | Cv,Up | B,Br,Cr | F,S,U,R,T | [15,28,31] | |
| Noctilio leporinus | 8 | 0 | 0 | Up | B,Pa,T | G,F,S,U,R,T | [15,29,44] | |
| Phyllostomidae | ||||||||
| Ametrida centurio | 3 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| * Anoura caudifer | 45 | 4 | 8.9 | Up | B,Br,Pe | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Anoura cultrata | 5 | 0 | 0 | Up | B,Cr | F,S,U,R,T | [15,31] | |
| * Anoura geoffroyi | 106 | 4 | 3.7 | Up | B,Cr | F,S,U,R,T | α | [15,21] |
| Anoura sp. | 4 | 0 | 0 | Up | B,Br | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Artibeus anderseni | 15 | 0 | 0 | Up | B | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Artibeus cinereus | 3 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Artibeus concolor | 4 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Artibeus fimbriatus | 4 | 0 | 0 | Cv,Up | Br | S,U,R,T | [15,33] | |
| Artibeus glaucus | 1 | 0 | 0 | Up | B | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Artibeus gnomus | 7 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br,Pe | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| * Artibeus jamaicensis | 754 | 14 | 1.8 | Cv,Up | B,Cr,E,M,Pa, | B,G,F,S,U,R,T | α | [15,21,28,29,31] |
| * Artibeus lituratus | 808 | 16 | 1.9 | Cv,Up | B,Br,Cr,E,M,Pa,Pe | B,F,S,U,R,T | α,β | [15,21,28,29,30,31,33] |
| * Artibeus obscurus | 61 | 1 | 1.6 | Up | B,Br,E,Pe | F,S,U,R,T | [15,29,33] | |
| * Artibeus phaeotis | 149 | 6 | 4.0 | A,Cv,Up | Cr,M,Pa | B,F,S,U,R,T | β | [15,21,28,29,31] |
| * Artibeus planirostris | 235 | 1 | 0.4 | Cv,Up | B,Br,Pe | S,U,R,T | [15,30,32] | |
| Artibeus sp. | 17 | 0 | 0 | Up | B,Br,Pe | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Artibeus watsoni | 70 | 0 | 0 | Cv,Ap | Cr,M,Pa | B,F,S,U,R,T | [15,21,29,31] | |
| Carollia benkeithi | 12 | 0 | 0 | Up | B,Br | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| * Carollia brevicauda | 222 | 6 | 2.7 | Up | B,Br,E,Pe | F,S,U,R,T | α | [15,29] |
| * Carollia castanea | 62 | 1 | 1.6 | A,Up | B,Cr,E,Pa,Pe | B,F,S,U,R,T | α | [15,29,31] |
| Carollia manu | 20 | 0 | 0 | Up | B | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| * Carollia perspicillata | 947 | 29 | 3.0 | A,Cv,Up | B,Br,Cr,E,M,Pa,Pe,T | B,G,F,S,U,R,T | α | [15,21,28,29,30,31,33] |
| * Carollia sowelli | 294 | 13 | 4.4 | Cv,Up | Cr,M | B,F,S,U,R,T | α | [15,21,31] |
| Carollia sp. | 53 | 0 | 0 | Up | B,Br,Pe | S,U,R,T | [15,29] | |
| Carollia subrufa | 11 | 0 | 0 | A,Cv,Up | Cr,M | S,U,R,T | [15,29] | |
| Centurio senex | 21 | 0 | 0 | Cv,Up | M | B,F,S,U,R,T | [15,21] | |
| Chiroderma sp. | 1 | 0 | 0 | Up | Pe | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Chiroderma trinitatum | 3 | 0 | 0 | Up | Pe | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Chiroderma villosum | 3 | 0 | 0 | Up | M | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Choeroniscus godmani | 20 | 0 | 0 | Cv,Up | M | B,F,S,U,R,T | [15,21] | |
| Choeroniscus minor | 4 | 0 | 0 | Up | B,Br | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Choeronycteris mexicana | 1 | 0 | 0 | Up | M | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Chrotopterus auritus | 11 | 0 | 0 | Cv,Up | Br,E,M | B,F,S,U,R,T | [15,21,29] | |
| * Desmodus rotundus | 210 | 3 | 1.4 | A,Cv,Up | B,Br,Cr,M,Pa,Pe,T | B,G,F,S,U,R,T | α,β | [15,21,28,29,30,31,32,33,44,45] |
| Diphylla ecaudata | 8 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br,M | S,U,R,T | [15,30] | |
| Enchisthenes hartii | 5 | 0 | 0 | Up | Cr,M,Pe | F,S,U,R,T | [15,29] | |
| Glossophaga commissarisi | 28 | 0 | 0 | Cv,Up | Br,Cr,M | B,F,S,U,R,T | [15,21,29,31] | |
| Glossophaga morenoi | 4 | 0 | 0 | Up | M | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| * Glossophaga soricina | 439 | 6 | 1.3 | A,Cv,Up | B,Br,Cr,M,Pa,Pe,T | B,G,F,S,U,R,T | α | [15,21,28,29,30,31,32,33,44] |
| Glossophaga sp. | 5 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br,M | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Hylonycteris underwoodi | 12 | 0 | 0 | A,Up | Cr,M | F,S,U,R,T | [15,31] | |
| Lampronycteris brachyotis | 5 | 0 | 0 | Up | B,Cr | F,S,U,R,T | [29,31] | |
| Lampronycteris sp. | 1 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Lonchophylla thomasi | 1 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Leptonycteris nivalis | 8 | 0 | 0 | Up | M | B,F,S,U,R,T | [15,21] | |
| Leptonycteris yerbabuenae | 11 | 0 | 0 | Up | M | B,F,S,U,R,T | [15,21] | |
| * Lichonycteris obscura | 2 | 2 | 100 | Up | Br | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Lionycteris spurrelli | 1 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Lonchophylla robusta | 1 | 0 | 0 | Cr | F | [29] | ||
| Lonchophylla thomasi | 12 | 0 | 0 | Up | B,Br | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| * Lonchorhina aurita | 4 | 2 | 50 | A,Cv,Up | Br,Cr,M | F,S,U,R,T | α | [15,21,29,31] |
| Lophostoma sp. | 1 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Lophostoma brasiliense | 6 | 0 | 0 | A,Up | B,Br,Cr,Pa | F,S,U,R,T | [15,29,31] | |
| Lophostoma silvicolum | 33 | 0 | 0 | Up | B,Br,Cr,E,Pa | B,F,S,U,R,T | [15,29,31] | |
| * Mesophylla macconnelli | 13 | 1 | 7.6 | Up | B,Br,E,Pe | F,S,U,R,T | [15,29] | |
| Micronycteris sp. | 1 | 0 | 0 | Up | Pe | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Micronycteris hirsuta | 7 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br,Pa | S,U,R,T | [15,29] | |
| Micronycteris megalotis | 1 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Micronycteris microtis | 11 | 0 | 0 | A,Up | Br,Cr,M,Pa | B,F,S,U,R,T | [15,21,29,31] | |
| Micronycteris minuta | 2 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br,Pa | B,F,S,U,R,T | [15,29] | |
| Micronycteris nicefori | 1 | 0 | 0 | Up | Pe | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Micronycteris schmidtorum | 19 | 0 | 0 | Cv,Up | M | B,F,S,U,R,T | [15,21] | |
| Micronycteris sp. | 1 | 0 | 0 | Up | B | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Mimon cozumelae | 2 | 0 | 0 | Cv,Up | M | B,F,S,U,R,T | [15,21] | |
| Mimon crenulatum | 79 | 0 | 0 | Up | H,S,Sa,O,R,T | B,F,S,U,R,T | [15,21] | |
| Phylloderma stenops | 10 | 0 | 0 | Cv,Up | B,Br,M,Pa | B,F,S,U,R,T | [15,21] | |
| * Phyllostomus discolor | 140 | 4 | 2.8 | Cv,Up | Br,M,Pa | B,F,S,U,R,T | α | [15,21,29,30] |
| Phyllostomus elongatus | 25 | 0 | 0 | Up | B,Br,E,Pe | F,S,U,R,T | [15,29] | |
| Phyllostomus hastatus | 88 | 0 | 0 | Up | B,Br,E,Pa,Pe,T | G,F,S,U,R,T | [15,29,30,44] | |
| Phyllostomus sp. | 2 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Platyrrhinus brachicephalus | 6 | 0 | 0 | Up | B,E | F,S,U,R,T | [15,29] | |
| Platyrrhinus dorsalis | 1 | 0 | 0 | Up | B | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Platyrrhinus fusciventris | 8 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Platyrrhinus helleri | 64 | 0 | 0 | Cv,Up | Br,Cr,M,Pa,Pe | B,F,S,U,R,T | [15,21,29,31] | |
| Platyrrhinus infuscus | 2 | 0 | 0 | E | F | [29] | ||
| * Platyrrhinus lineatus | 22 | 1 | 4.5 | Up | Br | F,S,U,R,T | [15,30,32,33] | |
| Platyrrhinus sp. | 19 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br,Pe | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Platyrrhinus vittatus | 2 | 0 | 0 | A | Cr | F,R | [31] | |
| Pygoderma bilabiatum | 1 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Rhinophylla fischerae | 8 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Rhinophylla pumilio | 47 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br,E,Pe | F,S,U,R,T | [15,29] | |
| Rhinophylla sp. | 6 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| * Sturnira erythromos | 16 | 2 | 12.5 | Up | B | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Sturnira hondurensis | 278 | 0 | 0 | A,Cv,Up | Cr,M | B,F,S,U,R,T | [15,21,28,31] | |
| Sturnira magna | 8 | 0 | 0 | Up | E,Pe | F,S,U,R,T | [15,29] | |
| Sturnira mordax | 1 | 0 | 0 | A | Cr | F,R | [31] | |
| Sturnira oporaphilum | 17 | 0 | 0 | Up | B | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| * Sturnira lilium | 160 | 8 | 5.0 | Cv,Up | B,Br,Cr,E,Pe | B,F,S,U,R,T | α | [15,21,28,29,30,31,33] |
| Sturnira sp. | 14 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br,Pe | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Sturnira tildae | 12 | 0 | 0 | Up | B,Br | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Tonatia bidens | 2 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br,Pe | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Tonatia saurophila | 19 | 0 | 0 | A,Cv,Up | Br,Cr,E,M,Pa,Pe | B,F,S,U,R,T | [15,21,29,31] | |
| Tonatia silvicola | 1 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Trachops cirrhosus | 30 | 0 | 0 | Cv,Up | Br,Cr,E,M,Pa,Pe | B,F,S,U,R,T | [15,21,29,31] | |
| Trinycteris nicefori | 4 | 0 | 0 | Up | B,Br | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Trinycteris sp. | 1 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Uroderma bilobatum | 75 | 0 | 0 | A,Cv,Up | B,Br,Cr,E,M,Pa,Pe | B,F,S,U,R,T | [15,21,29,31] | |
| Uroderma magnirostrum | 1 | 0 | 0 | Up | B | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Uroderma sp. | 1 | 0 | 0 | Up | Pe | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Vampyressa bidens | 6 | 0 | 0 | Up | B,E,Pe | S,U,R,T | [15,29] | |
| Vampyressa pussilla | 4 | 0 | 0 | Cv,Up | Br | S,U,R,T | [15,30,33] | |
| Vampyressa sp. | 2 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Vampyressa thyone | 2 | 0 | 0 | Up | B,Pa | B,F,S,U,R,T | [15,29] | |
| Vampyriscus nymphaea | 6 | 0 | 0 | A | Cr | F,R | [31] | |
| Vampyrodes caraccioli | 7 | 0 | 0 | Up | M,Pa,Pe | B,F,S,U,R,T | [15,29] | |
| Vampyrum spectrum | 3 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br,M | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| Thyropteridae | ||||||||
| Thyroptera discifera | 1 | 0 | 0 | Up | Br | S,U,R,T | [15] | |
| TOTAL | 9371 | 346 |
*: Species positive for coronavirus. † N: number of individuals examined. ‡ NP: number of positive individuals and the percentage (%) with respect to N. § CS: Collection Site (A: agricultural, C: cave, Cv: vegetation cover, Up: urban and peri-urban area) ¶ Country (A: Argentina, B: Bolivia, Br: Brazil, C: Canada, Cr: Costa Rica, E: Ecuador, U: United States, M: Mexico, Pa: Panama, Pe: Peru, T: Trinidad and Tobago) # Samples examined (G: throat fluids, F: feces, S: saliva, B: blood, U: urine, R: rectal fluids, T: tissues) †† CoV (α: Alphacoronavirus, β: Betacoronavirus).