Table 1.
Plant-based viral vaccines currently under clinical trials.
| Viral Vaccine | Antigen/Expression System | Stage of Clinical Trial | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Quadrivalent Influenza vaccine | Mix of recombinant H1, H3, and two B hemagglutinin proteins expressed as VLPs transiently in N. benthamiana | Phase 3 ongoing | [81,82] |
| SARS-CoV-2 vaccine | Recombinant spike (S) glycoprotein expressed as VLPs transiently in N. benthamiana | Phase 1 successfully completed; Phase 2/3 ongoing | [83] |
| Ebola virus vaccine | ZMapp produced by rapid transient expression of 3 plant-based neutralizing monoclonal antibody cocktails against Ebola; made in N. benthamiana | Phase 2/3 completed; FDA approved | [84] |
| Rotavirus vaccine | Four structural antigens of rotavirus (VP2, VP4, VP6, and VP7) expressed as VLPs in plants | Phase 1 | [85] |
| Norwalk virus vaccine | CP expressed in potato | Early phase 1 | [86] |
| Rabies virus vaccine | GP/NP antigens expressed in spinach | Early phase 1 | [87] |
| Hepatitis B virus vaccine | HBsAg expressed in lettuce | Early phase 1 | [88] |
| Hepatitis B virus vaccine | HBsAg expressed in potato | Phase 1 | [89] |
| Bacterial vaccine: Vibrio cholera vaccine |
CTB antigen expressed in rice | Phase 1 | [90,91] |
(Adapted from Kurup and Thomas, 2020 [92]).