Table 1.
Summary of Deltavirus infections.
| Deltavirus | Host | CXXQ Motif |
Putative Co-Infecting Viruses |
Tested Helper Viruses (In Vitro) |
HBsAg Usage (In Vitro) |
Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HDV | Human | Yes | HBV |
a HBV,b VSV, c HCV, d DENV, WNV, e LCMV, f HMPV |
Yes | [21,30,31,32] |
| aDeV | ducks | no | Influenza A virus | nd | nd | [22] |
| RDeV | rodent P.
semispinosus |
no | Hepacivirus | nd | nd | [27] |
| SDeV | Boa constrictor | no | Reptarenavirus, hartmanivirus |
g UHV-2, UGV-1 h HISV-1 e LCMV, JUNV f PUUV |
no | [23,33] |
| tgDeV | Zebra finch Taeniopygia guttata |
no | none | nd | no | [25] |
| mmDeV | Eastern woodchuck Marmota monax | no | WHV, herpesvirus, flavivirus, retrovirus |
nd | no | [25,26] |
| DrDeV | Vampire bats D. rotundus | no | Herpesvirus, flavivirus, retrovirus |
nd | nd | [26] |
| OvirDeV | White-tailed deer Odocoileus
virginianus |
no | Herpesvirus, flavivirus, retrovirus |
nd | nd | [25,26] |
| PmacDeV | Lesser dog-like bat Peropteryx macrotis | no | Herpesvirus, flavivirus, retrovirus | nd | nd | [26] |
List of newly identified deltaviruses and their hosts. Presence of the CXXQ motif in the virus antigen is indicated. The potential enveloped helper viruses based on either RNA-seq data, epidemiological or serological data are shown. Additionally, listed are the candidate helper viruses that were shown to successfully support deltaviruses assembly and infectivity in vitro. HBsAg usage, whenever known is indicated. a Hepadnavirues hepatitis B virus (HBV), woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), tent-making bat HBV (TBHBV) and Woolly monkey HBV (WMHBV); b Vesiculovirus vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV); c Hepacivirus hepatitis C virus (HCV); d Flaviviruses dengue virus (DENV) and West Nile virus (WNV); e Mammarenaviruses Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and Junin virus (JUNV); f Orthohantaviruses human metapneumovirus (HMPV) and Puumala virus (PUUV); g Reptarenaviruses UHV-2 and UGV-1; h Hartmanivirus HISV-1; nd-nondetermined.