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Inhibition of HIV-1 by APOBEC3 enzymes using deaminase-dependent and -independent mechanisms. APOBEC3 enzymes are often counteracted by the HIV-1 Vif protein. Those not counteracted by Vif can package into the budding virions and inhibit viral replication by inflicting C-to-U hypermutation in the HIV-1 cDNA or by deaminase-independent mechanisms such as the physical blockage of HIV-1 reverse transcription.
