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. 2021 Jun 25;13(7):1230. doi: 10.3390/v13071230

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Modulators of programmed –1 ribosomal frameshifting. Cartoon drawings of ribosomes encountering sites of PRF. Stimulators: (A) HIV stem-loop; (B) IBV pseudoknot; (C) SARS-CoV-2 pseudoknot (SARS-CoV sequence identical in the region shown except for an (A) to (C) transversion in loop 3 (L3) as indicated); (D) PRRSV complex of virus (nsp1β) and host protein (PCBP); (E) Cardiovirus (EMCV) stimulatory RNA complexed with viral 2A protein. Repressor: (F) SHFL shown bound at the HIV-1 signal. Purple and cyan ovals represent eRF1 and eRF3 (in complex).