Table 1.
Description of COVID-19 death rate per 100,000 residents, risk index components, and socioeconomic status index according to quartiles of the risk index
| Variable | Quartile 1 (lowest risk score; 21.46–40.26) mean (SD) |
Quartile 2 (40.27–48.15) mean (SD) |
Quartile 3 (48.16–55.01) mean (SD) |
Quartile 4 (highest risk score; 55.02–73.84) mean (SD) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COVID-19 death rate per 100,000 | 109.72 (68.83) | 192.78 (72.51) | 251.98 (97.16) | 284.16 (112.68) | < 0.0001 |
| Median age (years) | 35.4 (3.31) | 37.64 (3.81) | 36.71 (4.26) | 36.73 (6.23) | 0.1326 |
| Proportion white residents (%) | 66.68 (15.40) | 45.89 (21.26) | 36.78 (23.53) | 32.21 (26.81) | < 0.0001 |
| Proportion Hispanic residents (%) | 17.12 (12.400 | 29.13 (18.53) | 25.67 (18.82) | 34.52 (22.98) | 0.0004 |
| Obesity prevalence (%) | 17.87 (5.01) | 22.31 (4.24) | 26.53 (4.69) | 29.72 (5.98) | < 0.0001 |
| Kidney disease prevalence (%) | 2.17 (0.49) | 2.84 (0.27) | 3.20 (0.26) | 3.67 (0.48) | < 0.0001 |
| Hypertension prevalence (%) | 20.36 (4.00) | 26.43 (2.15) | 30.37 (3.13) | 33.60 (3.41) | < 0.0001 |
| Heart Disease prevalence (%) | 3.75 (1.01) | 5.25 (0.42) | 5.76 (0.59) | 6.49 (0.81) | < 0.0001 |
| Diabetes prevalence (%) | 6.87 (2.27) | 10.48 (1.58) | 11.78 (1.40) | 13.13 (2.17) | < 0.0001 |
| COPD prevalence (%) | 3.78 (1.11) | 5.17 (0.62) | 6.04 (0.72) | 6.75 (0.90) | < 0.0001 |
| Cancer (except skin) prevalence (%) | 5.02 (1.14) | 5.49 (1.03) | 5.55 (0.94 | 5.79 (1.53) | 0.1333 |
| Asthma prevalence (%) | 8.46 (0.74) | 8.92 (0.95) | 10.11 (1.34) | 10.80 (1.26) | < 0.0001 |
| Alcohol Hospitalizations prevalence (%) | 1.71 (1.02) | 1.36 (0.56) | 1.51 (0.77) | 2.26 (1.20) | 0.0005 |
| Birth rate (%) | 1.25 (0.37) | 1.16 (0.32) | 1.26 (0.32) | 1.30 (0.23) | 0.0325 |
| Hepatitis C prevalence (%) | 0.05 (0.02) | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.05 (0.01) | 0.08 (0.03) | < 0.0001 |
| Hepatitis B prevalence (%) | 0.06 (0.07) | 0.09 (0.09) | 0.08 (0.07) | 0.07 (0.04) | < 0.0001 |
| Proportion ≥ 65 years old (%) | 12.3 (4.7) | 14.88 (4.09) | 14.51 (3.72) | 15.73 (5.95) | 0.0378 |
| Socioeconomic status index | 33.87 (21.38) | 12.03 (17.72) | −1.20 (18.74) | −16.37 (22.08) | < 0.0001 |
The racial and Hispanic composition of each ZCTA were obtained from the 2018 American Community Survey 5-year estimates. Unless otherwise noted, all variables are reported per hundreds of residents. The socioeconomic status index was constructed from principal component analysis of 2018 American Community Survey estimates of median household income in the past 12 months, median gross rent, percent living below 150% of the poverty line, education, percent working class, percent unemployed, > 1 occupants per room. The education index was calculated on the population ≥ 25 years and is a weighted combination of the percent high school graduate, high school only, and more than high school, with a greater value indicating higher educational attainment