Table 2.

Pharmacological effects of chemical markers identified for DHC and FHC, DHC1 and DHC2, and FHC1 and FHC2 from the OPLS-DA validation plot.

Compound		Chemical formula	Classification	p value	VIP value	Pharmacological effects
DHC- FHC	α-Pinenea	C10H16	Monoterpene hydrocarbons	7.37 × 10−8	1.70	Anti-inflammatory [13], antioxidant [14], antitumor [14], antifungal [14], antiallergy, improving ulcer [14], antianxiety [14]
	Limoneneb	C10H16	Monoterpene hydrocarbons	8.43 × 10−11	1.76	Anti-inflammatory [15], antidiabetic effects [16], immunomodulatory activity [17], analgesic [18], hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities [19], antimicrobial activity [20], anticancer activity [20], insecticidal activity [20]
	β-Phellandrenec	C10H16	Monoterpene hydrocarbons	8.75 × 10−7	2.19	Antitumor activity [21], antioxidant activities [22]
	α-Terpineold	C10H18O	Oxygenated monoterpenes	5.04 × 10−12	1.60	Anti-inflammatory and analgesic [23], anticonvulsant [24], gastric protection effects [25]
	4-Tridecanonee	C13H26O	Aliphatic compounds	7.85 × 10−5	1.53	—
	Ethyl decanoatef	C12H24O2	Aliphatic compounds	1.23 × 10−16	2.68	—
	Nonanalg	C9H18O	Aliphatic compounds	1.03 × 10−7	1.54	—
	1-Nonanolh	C9H20O	Aliphatic compounds	8.5810–9	1.68	—
	β-Cyclocitrali	C10H16O	Oxygenated monoterpenes	2.07 × 10−12	1.78	—
	n-Hexadecanoic acidj	C16H32O2	Aliphatic compounds	2.11 × 10−11	1.67	Anti-inflammatory [26]
	Octadecanolk	C18H38O	Aliphatic compounds	3.58 × 10−8	1.68	—
DHC1-DHC2	4-Tridecanonel	C13H26O	Aliphatic compounds	3.43 × 10−4	3.34	—
	Ethyl decanoatem	C15H24O	Oxygenated sesquiterpenes	2.39 × 10−3	2.56	—
FHC1-FHC2	β-Myrcenen	C10H16	Monoterpene hydrocarbons	4.70 × 10−6	1.67	Antioxidant [27], liver monooxygenase induction effects [28]
	β-Phellandreneo	C10H16	Monoterpene hydrocarbons	7.60 × 10−3	2.56	Antitumor activity [21], antioxidant activities [22]
	2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, acetate, (Z)-p	C12H20O2	Oxygenated monoterpenes	5.29 × 10−5	2.15	—
	Phytolq	C20H40O	Oxygenated diterpenes	1.27 × 10−3	2.32	Anti-inflammatory [29], antibacterial [30], antischistosomiasis [31]

Note: VIP > 1.5 and p < 0.01.The symbol “-” stands for none.