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. 2021 Jul 26;19:169. doi: 10.1186/s12916-021-02055-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — IgM and IgA antibody isotype responses to SARS-CoV-2 after immunization. A, B Multiplex bead-based antibody binding assay that measures the IgM (A) or IgA-specific (B) antibody response to 4 SARS-CoV-2 viral antigens (S1, S2, RBD, and NP). Median Fluorescent Intensity (MFI) is shown and background well subtraction has been used to remove the nonspecific signal. Each dot represents an individual at baseline before vaccine (week 0), 3 weeks after the first dose of BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine (week 3) or 4 weeks after the second dose of BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine (week 7). Bars represent the group median. The number of individuals in each group are shown below the graphs in Fig. 1. Individuals with a previous history of SARS-CoV-2 infection (seropositive; blue), no previous history of infection (seronegative; red), and individuals with possible undiagnosed infection (green). The dashed line indicates a threshold determined by the sum of the mean and standard deviation for the negative control (beads without antigen). Statistical tests for significant differences between groups were unpaired, two-tailed Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test with a significant threshold of P < 0.05