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Schematic of the bottom-up approach to regenerate isotropic wood. (a) Natural wood particles, for example, wood sawdust. (b) Surface-etched wood particle with cellulose microfibers exposed from the surface. (c) Surface nanocrystallized wood particle (SNWP) with numerous cellulose nanofibers expanded from the surface. (d) Assembly of SNWP induced by Ca2+ and hydrogen bonds. (e) The obtained RGI-wood by hot-pressing.
