Table 1.
Demographics, baseline characteristics and in-hospital outcomes of patients admitted with atrial fibrillation and substance abuse.
| Variable | Without Abuse (2,689,315) | TUD (852,110) | SUD (185,170) | AUD (155,681) | DUD (42,667) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years (Mean±SD) | 71.8 ± 30.1 | 67±29.5 | 58.4 ± 29.9 | 58.7 ± 28.4 | 55±34.2 |
| 18–35 | 36,563 (1.4) | 18,501 (2.2) | 11,213 (6.1) | 7717 (5) | 5194 (12.17) |
| 36–50 | 145,669 (5.4) | 655,012 (7.7) | 30,297 (16.4) | 24,838 (16) | 8833 (20.7) |
| 51–65 | 558,193 (20.8) | 256,048 (30.1) | 84,068 (45.4) | 72,562 (46.7) | 18,261 (42.8) |
| 66–80 | 1,040,383 (38.7) | 353,048 (41.4) | 48,255 (26.1) | 42,391 (27.2) | 7121 (16.7) |
| >80 | 908,560 (33.8) | 159,011 (18.7) | 11,338 (6.1) | 8172 (5.3) | 3258 (7.6) |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 1,146,283 (42.6) | 519,812 (61) | 152,287 (82.2) | 132,378 (85) | 31,569 (74) |
| Female | 1,543,032 (57.4) | 332,290 (39) | 32,880 (17.8) | 23,299 (15) | 11,098 (26) |
| Race | |||||
| White | 1,952,137 (72.6) | 653,703 (76.7) | 129,093 (70) | 110,263 (70.8) | 27,259 (63.9) |
| Black | 168,472 (6.3) | 58,933 (6.9) | 19,759 (10/7) | 14,708 (9.5) | 7200 (16.9) |
| Other | 568,498 (21.1) | 139,428 (16.36) | 36,319 (20) | 30,710 (19.7) | 8208 (19.2) |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Hypertension | 1,817,966 (67.6) | 582,136 (68.32) | 112,540 (60.8) | 95,368 (61.3) | 24,327 (57) |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 675,975 (25.1) | 209,941 (24.64) | 30,737 (16.6) | 24,325 (15.6) | 8106 (19) |
| Chronic Lung Disease | 465,053 (17.3) | 314,874 (40) | 49,966 (30) | 41,160 (26.4) | 12,284 (28.8) |
| Congestive Heart Failure | 10,335 (0.38) | 2422 (0.28) | 727 (0.4) | 565 (0.4) | 192 (0.45) |
| Dyslipidemia | 1,164,022 (43.3) | 409,553 (48) | 55,868 (30.2) | 46,912 (30.1) | 11,811 (27.7) |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 355,061 (13.2) | 102,391 (12) | 13,632 (7.4) | 9965 (6.4) | 4351 (10.2) |
| Chronic Liver Disease | 27,935 (1) | 20,258 (2.38) | 19,619 (10.6) | 18,184 (11.7) | 3387 (7.9) |
| Cancer with or without metastasis | 103,601 (3.9) | 46,776 (5.5) | 4586 (2.5) | 3578 (2.3) | 1195 (2.8) |
| Obesity | 355,338 (13.2) | 143,394 (16.8) | 27,414 (14.8) | 22,128 (14.2) | 7153.2 (16.8) |
| Thyroid Dysfunction | 495,453 (18.4) | 121,424 (14.25) | 14,882 (8) | 11,480 (7.4) | 4149 (9.72) |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 195,427 (7.3) | 84,731.2 (9.9) | 14,430 (7.8) | 11,565 (7.4) | 3673 (8.6) |
| Electrical cardioversion | 386,458 (14.4) | 132,616 (15.6) | 22,537 (12.2) | 19,051 (12.2) | 4837 (11.3) |
| CHA2DS2VASc Score | |||||
| 0 | 168,234 (6.3) | 80,497 (9.5) | 41,160 (22.2) | 34,745 (22.3) | 10,941 (25.6) |
| 1 | 354,086 (13.2) | 160,896 (18.9) | 62,612 (33.8) | 54,124 (34.8) | 13,722 (32.16) |
| 2 | 499,746 (18.6) | 198,084 (23.3) | 42,936 (23.2) | 36,650 (23.5) | 8705 (20) |
| >=3 | 1,667,302 (62) | 412,633 (48.4) | 38,463 (20.8) | 30,161 (19.4) | 9299 (21.8) |
| Charlson’s Comorbidity Index | |||||
| 0 | 998,579 (37.1) | 239,955 (26.2) | 70,618 (38.1) | 60,977 (39.2) | 15,332 (36) |
| 1 | 755,457 (28.1) | 248,203 (29.1) | 55,835 (30.2) | 47,664.3 (30.6) | 12,117 (28.4) |
| 2 | 436,110 (16.2) | 167,244 (19.6) | 30,350 (16.4) | 24,944.3 (16.0) | 7315 (17.1) |
| >=3 | 499,221 (18.6) | 196,707 (23.1) | 28,368 (15.3) | 22,096 (14.2) | 7903 (18.5) |
| Hospital-level Characteristics | |||||
| Region of the Hospital | |||||
| Northeast | 588,634 (21.9) | 157,460 (18.5) | 40,140 (21.7) | 34,797 (22.3) | 8036 (18.8) |
| Midwest | 661,976 (24.6) | 230,076 (27) | 40,074 (21.6) | 34,048 (21.9) | 8734 (20.4) |
| South | 1,045,666 (38.9) | 328,662 (38.6) | 67,163 (36.3) | 56,466 (36.2) | 15,208 (35.6) |
| West | 392,903 (14.6) | 135,787 (15.9) | 37,773 (20.4) | 30,350 (20) | 10,690 (25) |
| Hospital Bed Size | |||||
| Small | 398,144 (14.9) | 117,024 (13.8) | 26,754 (14.5) | 22,727 (14.7) | 5933 (14) |
| Medium | 668,824 (25) | 220,502 (26) | 49,723 (27) | 42,011 (27.1) | 11,278 (26.6) |
| Large | 1,607,656 (60.1) | 510,336 (60.1) | 107,666 (58.5) | 90,071 (58.2) | 25,263 (59.5) |
| Location of the Hospital | |||||
| Rural | 389,364 (14.6) | 106,388 (12.6) | 20,677 (11.2) | 17,624 (11.4) | 4346 (10.2) |
| Urban, Nonteaching | 1,100,741 (41.2) | 339,788 (40.1) | 75,276 (40.9) | 63,937 (41.3) | 16,231 (38.2) |
| Urban, Teaching | 1,184,520 (44.3) | 401,685 (47.4) | 88,190 (47.9) | 73,247 (47.31) | 21,895 (51.6) |
| Median household income category for patient’s zip code | |||||
| 1. 0–25th percentile | 669,952 (25.4) | 228,195 (27.3) | 54,488 (30.5) | 44,264 (29.4) | 14,866 (36.1) |
| 2. 26–50th percentile | 709,693 (27) | 224,826 (27) | 45,751 (25.6) | 38,426 (25.5) | 10,650 (25.9) |
| 3. 51–75th percentile | 651,437 (25) | 207,050 (24.9) | 42,771 (23.9) | 36,452 (24.2) | 9168 (22.3) |
| 4. 76–100th percentile | 604,831 (23) | 175,363 (22) | 35,913 (20.1) | 31,320 (20.8) | 6452 (15.7) |
| Payment Type | |||||
| Medicare/Medicaid | 1,947,167 (72.5) | 567,002 (66.7) | 98,681 (53.4) | 80,383 (51.8) | 24,598 (57.8) |
| Private insurance | 630,849 (23.5) | 215,899 (25.4) | 52,650 (28.5) | 46,832 (30.2) | 8830 (20.8) |
| Self pay/no charge/others | 107,154 (4) | 67,743 (8) | 33,317 (18) | 28,005 (18) | 9131 (21.5) |
| In-hospital Outcomes | |||||
| Stroke | 35,355 (1.3) | 8924 (1.1) | 1762 (1) | 1472 (1) | 374 (0.9) |
| In-hospital Mortality | 26,753 (1) | 5953 (0.7) | 1530 (0.8) | 1166 (0.75) | 438 (1.0) |
| Discharge to Home | 1,971,907 (73.4) | 668,381 (78.5) | 142,544 (77) | 121,483 (78.1) | 31,368 (73.6) |
| Length of Stay (Median, IQR) | 3 (1–4) | 3 (1–4) | 3 (2–5) | 3 (2–5) | 3 (1–5) |
| Cost, $$ (Median, IQR) | 5409 (3366–9363) | 5637 (3551–9532) | 6037 (3855–9920) | 6008 (3848–9790) | 6083 (3871–10,226) |
SD-Standard Deviation; IQR: Interquartile range; TUD-tobacco use disorder; SUD-substance use disorders; AUD-alcohol use disorders, DUD-drug use disorders.