Table 2.

Global inhibition of the production of host proteins (including IFNs) by SARS-CoV-2.

Antagonist	Function or mechanism	Cellular interaction target	Refs
nsp1	Interacts with the 40S ribosomal subunit by inserting its C-terminal domain containing two helices into the entrance region of the ribosomal mRNA channel, blocking host mRNA translation; Interacts with the host mRNA export receptor NXF1-NXT1, leading to nuclear retention of cellular mRNAs.	40S ribosomal subunit, NXF1-NXT1	[89], [84], [85], [86]
nsp8, nsp9	Bind to the 7SL RNA in the SRP and interfere with protein integration into cell membrane and trafficking.	7SL RNA	[87]
nsp16	Binds pre-mRNA recognition domains of U1/U2 snRNAs and disrupts mRNA splicing and mature.	U1/U2 snRNAs	[87]