TABLE 3.

Biological analysis on day 5 in mitragynine replacement treatments.

Replacement groups	Vehicle	Mitragynine – Vehicle	Mitragynine 1 mg/kg Methadone	Mitragynine 0.8 mg/kg Buprenorphine	Mitragynine 0.1 mg/kg Clonidine	References range value
Total bilirubin (umol/L)	1.71 ± 0	2.28 ± 0.57	1.71 ± 0	2.28 ± 0.57	2.28 ± 0.57	0.0–5.1
Aspartate aminotransferase, AST (U/L)	117 ± 4.58	205.33 ± 36.08	169 ± 20.03	147 ± 1	220.33 ± 35.57	56.1–201.8
Alanine aminotransferase, ALT (U/L)	59 ± 6.11	74 ± 2.08	53 ± 2.31	58.33 ± 3.38	55.33 ± 6.69	34.9–218.1
Alkaline phosphatase (U/L)	299.67 ± 28.01	381.67 ± 119.7	337.33 ± 48.55	421 ± 86.97	253.33 ± 32.69	131.6–459.0
Sodium (mmol/L)	141.67 ± 1.45	139.33 ± 0.67	141 ± 1.73	143.67 ± 0.67	140.33 ± 0.88	121.9–162.6
Potassium (mmol/L)	6.7 ± 1.26	7.67 ± 0.12	7.8 ± 0.85	6.77 ± 0.24	7.1 ± 0.15	4.0–8.0
Chloride (mmol/L)	102.33 ± 0.88	102.33 ± 0.33	103 ± 0.58	104 ± 0	104.67 ± 1.2	81.5–104.0
Urea (mmol/L)	9.80 ± 0.3	8.33 ± 0.45	8.05 ± 0.11	14.45 ± 6.04	10.03 ± 0.45	4.32–34.4
Creatinine (umol/L)	49.87 ± 2.35	46.93 ± 0.59	46.35 ± 1.63	73.92 ± 33.93	43.71 ± 1.28	35.4–79.6
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.70 ± 0.08	2.1 ± 0.11	1.59 ± 0.09#	1.47 ± 0.07#	1.74 ± 0.11	0.68–1.77
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	0.93 ± 0.19	0.82 ± 0.19	0.98 ± 0.09	0.99 ± 0.14	0.65 ± 0.15	0.23–0.99
Calcium (mmol/L)	2.41 ± 0.11	2.33 ± 0.11	2.48 ± 0.01	2.38 ± 0.03	2.28 ± 0.06	2.1–2.9
Phosphorus (mmol/L)	2 ± 0.30	2.36 ± 0.28	2.13 ± 0.25	2.22 ± 0.09	2.35 ± 0.17	1–3.94
Total protein (g/L)	70 ± 4.36	73.67 ± 1.76	65.67 ± 0.88	67.67 ± 1.86	69.67 ± 3.38	52–71
Albumin (g/L)	27 ± 2.08	28 ± 0.58	25.67 ± 0.88	26 ± 1.53	26.33 ± 1.33	26.85–34.55
Globulin (g/L)	43.33 ± 2.33	45.67 ± 2.19	40 ± 1.53	41.67 ± 1.2	43.33 ± 3.18	13–48
Albumin/Globulin ratio (g/L)	0.6 ± 0.06	0.63 ± 0.07	0.63 ± 0.03	0.63 ± 0.03	0.63 ± 0.07	0.6–1.21

Data represent means ± SEM of n = 6 rats/group *p < 0.05 vs. Vehicle, #p < 0.05 vs. Mitragynine-Vehicle, analysed by one-way repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc test.