TABLE 1.
Preliminary empirically derived domain and component scales of the ICD-11 personality disorder model.
| Domain | Component (# items) | Sample content |
| Self Dysfunction (30) | Identity Problems (8) | Puzzled by own behavior |
| Low Self-accuracy (7) | Often misjudge own abilities | |
| Low Self-worth (8) | Difficulty maintaining positive self-image | |
| Low Self-direction (7) | Life lacks direction, goals | |
| Interpersonal Dysfunction (35) | Relationship Difficulties (21) | Difficulty understanding others’ viewpoints |
| Difficulty managing relationship conflict | ||
| Difficulty developing/maintaining relationships | ||
| Dysfunctional Engagement (14) | Little to no interest in developing relationships | |
| Will do anything to keep relationships from ending | ||
| Think friends take too much time/effort | ||
| Negative Affectivity (30) | Emotional Lability (8) | Unpredictable emotions and moods; constant worry |
| Negative Outlook (15) | View own life as a failure; expect the worst | |
| Mistrust (7) | Distrustful of others | |
| Detachment (42) | Social Detachment (21) | Avoid social interactions; don’t enjoy social events |
| Emotionally distant; keep to self even around others | ||
| Have no close relationships | ||
| Emotional Detachment (21) | Little reaction to positive or negative events | |
| Don’t get emotional; keep feelings to self | ||
| Low or no interest in much of anything | ||
| Dissociality (46) | Low Empathy (30) | Deceive people to get what they wants |
| No sympathy for others’ suffering | ||
| Bully others; get violent easily | ||
| Not bothered when hurt others or their feelings | ||
| Dissociality | Entitled Superiority (Self-centeredness) (16) | Expect special treatment; believe they deserve whatever is wanted |
| Believe own needs more important than others’ | ||
| Believe oneself superior to others and that have done and/or will do great things | ||
| Act to get attention; expect to be noticed, admired | ||
| Disinhibition (32) | Distractibility (19) | Easily distracted; struggle to stay on task |
| Fail to complete tasks; don’t finish on time | ||
| Like to keep options open; goals provide direction (R) | ||
| Impulsive Recklessness (13) | Want desired things right away | |
| Don’t consider consequences; blurt things out | ||
| Enjoy risky activities; don’t turn down chances for fun | ||
| Anankastia (31) | Hypercontrol (19) | Avoid activities if outcome uncertain; hypercautious |
| Weigh all possibilities before decision-making | ||
| Refuse to change routine; others notice inflexibility | ||
| Perfectionism (12) | Must meet all standards of perfection, especially own | |
| Work must be perfect in all details; expect same high standards of everyone | ||
| Home must be perfectly neat, with everything in its proper place |
ICD-11, International Classification of Diseases, 11th Ed. (World Health Organization, 2020).