Table 1.
Characteristics of the 304 study participants
| Potential predictor | Outcome | Missing values n (%) |
| Age (years) | 64.6±10.5 | |
| Males | 220 (72.4) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 29.8±5.3 | |
| Caucasian | 283 (93.1) | |
| Type of diabetes | 4 (1.3) | |
| Type 1 | 66 (21.7) | |
| Type 2 | 234 (77.0) | |
| Years of diabetes | 20±14 | 3 (1.0) |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.7±3.6 | 65 (21.4) |
| Retinopathy | 151 (49.7) | 2 (0.7) |
| Nephropathy | 60 (19.7) | 1 (0.3) |
| Dialysis | 4 (1.3) | |
| Smoking or history of smoking | 169 (55.6) | |
| Consumption of alcohol | 199 (65.5) | |
| Walking aid | 89 (29.3) | |
| Living alone | 105 (34.5) | |
| Level of education | 2 (0.7) | |
| Low | 117 (38.5) | |
| Medium | 96 (31.6) | |
| High | 89 (29.3) | |
| Employed | 75 (24.7) | |
| Custom-made footwear | 205 (67.4) | 2 (0.7) |
| Walking barefoot at home | 113 (37.2) | |
| Adherence to self-care | 4.7±1.4 | |
| At-home foot temperature monitoring | 151 (49.7) | |
| Care center | ||
| University medical center | 88 (28.9) | |
| Community hospital | 134 (44.1) | |
| Podiatry practice | 82 (27.0) | |
| Peripheral neuropathy | ||
| Mild | 28 (9.2) | |
| Severe | 276 (90.8) | |
| Peripheral artery disease | ||
| Grade 1 | 197 (64.8) | |
| Grade 2 | 107 (35.2) | |
| Foot deformity | ||
| Absent | 17 (5.6) | |
| Mild | 58 (19.1) | |
| Moderate | 202 (66.4) | |
| Severe | 27 (8.9) | |
| History of amputation | ||
| Absent | 223 (73.4) | |
| Lesser toe(s) | 29 (9.5) | |
| Hallux or more proximal* | 52 (17.1) | |
| Minor lesions at entry | 121 (39.8) | 31 (10.2) |
| Plantar location of previously healed ulcer | 1 (0.3) | |
| Non-plantar† | 185 (60.9) | |
| Plantar | 118 (38.8) | |
| Months since healing of previous ulcer‡ | 7(2–15) | 1 (0.3) |
| Months duration of last two ulcers | 4(2–9) | 1 (0.3) |
| 36-Item Short Form Health Survey | 13 (4.3) | |
| Physical functioning | 59±22 | |
| Role functioning/physical | 50(0–100) | |
| Role functioning/emotional | 100(33–100) | |
| Energy/fatigue | 60±22 | |
| Emotional well-being | 78±18 | |
| Social functioning | 75(63–100) | |
| Pain | 67±27 | |
| General health | 49±20 | |
| EuroQol visual analog scale | 69±15 | 23 (7.6) |
| Social economic score | −0.24±1.17 | 3 (1.0) |
Data are expressed as number (%), mean±SD or median [IQR].
*Seven participants had a unilateral transtibial or transfemoral amputation.
†Including nine participants who were included based on having a history of Charcot neuro-osteoarthropathy.
‡For participants included based only on having a history of Charcot neuro-osteoarthropathy, 48 months was used.