Table 2.
Univariate analyses for potential predictors associated with outcome 1 (all recurrent foot ulcers) and outcome 2 (all recurrent plantar foot ulcers)
| Potential predictor | Ulcer recurrence at any foot site | Plantar foot ulcer recurrence | ||
| OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Age (years) | 0.977 (0.956 to 0.999) | 0.042 | 0.974 (0.950 to 0.998) | 0.038 |
| Males | 1.299 (0.775 to 2.180) | 0.321 | 1.032 (0.567 to 1.880) | 0.917 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 0.982 (0.941 to 1.026) | 0.418 | 0.997 (0.948 to 1.049) | 0.920 |
| Caucasian | 1.064 (0.434 to 2.607) | 0.892 | 0.774 (0.252 to 2.379) | 0.654 |
| Type of diabetes | ||||
| Type 1 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Type 2 | 0.938 (0.544 to 1.620) | 0.880 | 0.869 (0.464 to 1.629) | 0.661 |
| Years of diabetes | 1.001 (0.985 to 1.017) | 0.923 | 0.999 (0.980 to 1.017) | 0.881 |
| HbA1c (%) | 1.003 (0.989 to 1.017) | 0.690 | 1.008 (0.992 to 1.025) | 0.329 |
| Retinopathy | 1.242 (0.787 to 1.962) | 0.352 | 1.250 (0.732 to 2.136) | 0.414 |
| Nephropathy | 1.024 (0.579 to 1.812) | 0.934 | 1.244 (0.652 to 2.374) | 0.507 |
| Dialysis | 1.419 (0.197 to 10.212) | 0.728 | 1.116 (0.114 to 10.900) | 0.925 |
| Smoking or history of smoking | 0.997 (0.630 to 1.579) | 0.991 | 1.365 (0.791 to 2.356) | 0.264 |
| Consumption of alcohol | 1.315 (0.809 to 2.135) | 0.269 | 1.879 (1.024 to 3.448) | 0.042 |
| Walking aid | 1.487 (0.903 to 2.447) | 0.119 | 1.604 (0.912 to 2.820) | 0.101 |
| Living alone | 1.231 (0.763 to 1.986) | 0.394 | 0.907 (0.515 to 1.598) | 0.736 |
| Level of education | ||||
| Low | Reference | 0.163 | Reference | 0.516 |
| Medium | 1.367 (0.787 to 2.374) | 0.268 | 1.177 (0.612 to 2.262) | 0.625 |
| High | 1.714 (0.978 to 3.002) | 0.060 | 1.462 (0.765 to 2.794) | 0.251 |
| Employed | 0.994 (0.585 to 1.687) | 0.982 | 0.709 (0.369 to 1.364) | 0.303 |
| Custom-made footwear | 1.582 (0.958 to 2.612) | 0.073 | 1.472 (0.808 to 2.684) | 0.207 |
| Walking barefoot at home | 1.134 (0.708 to 1.816) | 0.602 | 0.922 (0.529 to 1.607) | 0.774 |
| Adherence to self-care | 1.089 (0.924 to 1.282) | 0.309 | 1.141 (0.939 to 1.388) | 0.185 |
| At-home foot temperature monitoring | 0.626 (0.395 to 0.992) | 0.046 | 0.814 (0.476 to 1.390) | 0.451 |
| Care center | ||||
| University medical center | Reference | 0.152 | Reference | 0.045 |
| Community hospital | 0.729 (0.424 to 1.252) | 0.252 | 0.592 (0.322 to 1.088) | 0.091 |
| Podiatry practice | 0.543 (0.292 to 1.008) | 0.053 | 0.404 (0.192 to 0.849) | 0.017 |
| Peripheral neuropathy | ||||
| Mild | Reference | Reference | ||
| Severe | 6.699 (1.976 to 22.711) | 0.002 | 4.250 (0.983 to 18.375) | 0.053 |
| Peripheral artery disease | ||||
| Grade 1 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Grade 2 | 1.103 (0.685 to 1.777) | 0.687 | 0.803 (0.454 to 1.422) | 0.452 |
| Foot deformity | ||||
| Absent | Reference | 0.060 | Reference | 0.113 |
| Mild | 0.698 (0.221 to 2.204) | 0.540 | 0.747 (0.175 to 3.193) | 0.694 |
| Moderate | 1.444 (0.514 to 4.056) | 0.486 | 1.495 (0.412 to 5.417) | 0.541 |
| Severe | 2.292 (0.656 to 8.009) | 0.194 | 2.745 (0.630 to 11.956) | 0.179 |
| History of amputation | ||||
| Absent | Reference | 0.005 | Reference | 0.044 |
| Lesser toe(s) | 1.424 (0.652 to 3.111) | 0.375 | 1.032 (0.397 to 2.685) | 0.949 |
| Hallux or more proximal | 2.805 (1.506 to 5.223) | 0.001 | 2.277 (1.186 to 4.373) | 0.013 |
| Minor lesions at entry | 3.066 (1.908 to 4.925) | 0.001 | 2.659 (1.532 to 4.616) | 0.001 |
| Plantar location of previously healed ulcer | ||||
| Non-plantar | Reference | Reference | ||
| Plantar | 1.497 (0.938 to 2.389) | 0.091 | 2.667 (1.545 to 4.603) | 0.001 |
| Months since healing of previous ulcer | 0.949 (0.926 to 0.973) | 0.001 | 0.951 (0.921 to 0.983) | 0.003 |
| Months duration of last two ulcers | 1.025 (0.999 to 1.051) | 0.059 | 1.024 (0.998 to 1.052) | 0.072 |
| SF–36 Short Form Health Survey | ||||
| Physical functioning | 0.997 (0.989 to 1.005) | 0.464 | 0.997 (0.988 to 1.007) | 0.595 |
| Role functioning/physical | 1.000 (0.995 to 1.005) | 0.982 | 1.001 (0.995 to 1.007) | 0.720 |
| Role functioning/emotional | 0.998 (0.992 to 1.003) | 0.406 | 1.003 (0.996 to 1.010) | 0.415 |
| Energy/fatigue | 0.997 (0.986 to 1.007) | 0.549 | 0.998 (0.986 to 1.011) | 0.806 |
| Emotional well-being | 0.993 (0.980 to 1.006) | 0.284 | 1.001 (0.986 to 1.016) | 0.874 |
| Social functioning | 0.995 (0.985 to 1.004) | 0.270 | 1.000 (0.989 to 1.011) | 0.958 |
| Pain | 1.000 (0.991 to 1.008) | 0.991 | 0.998 (0.989 to 1.008) | 0.766 |
| General health | 0.994 (0.983 to 1.005) | 0.294 | 1.004 (0.991 to 1.018) | 0.531 |
| EuroQol visual analog scale | 0.999 (0.984 to 1.014) | 0.898 | 1.007 (0.990 to 1.025) | 0.417 |
| Social economic score | 1.044 (0.857 to 1.272) | 0.670 | 0.986 (0.784 to 1.241) | 0.903 |