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. 2021 Jul 12;11(7):e043256. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043256

Figure 2.

Figure 2

The definition, manifestations, impact, victims and perpetrators of academic bullying. Academic bullying is defined as an abuse of authority through punishing behaviours that include overwork, destabilisation and isolation. Victims are commonly women and ethnic minorities, while perpetrators are commonly men consultants. Individual and institutional factors contribute to the ongoing cycle of bullying.