TABLE 1.

MSC-based delivery of cytokines for cancer therapy.

Cancer	Cytokine	Main results
Melanoma	IL-2	Induction of CD8-associated tumor-specific immunity and inhibition of tumor development in B16 cell-bearing mice by IL-2-producing MSCs (Stagg et al., 2004)
Glioma	IL-2	Hindrance of tumor growth and promotion of the overall survival of 9L glioma-bearing rats by intratumoral administration of IL-2-producing MSCs (Nakamura et al., 2004)
Melanoma Cervical cancer	IL-12	Antitumor effects in melanoma and cervical bearing mice by administration of IL-12-producing MSCs embedded in Matrigel (Seo S.H. et al., 2011)
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC)	IL-12	Attenuation of the growth of 786-0 RCC and also improvement of the RCC mouse models survival by activation of NK cells and IFN-γ secretion by systemic administration of IL-12-producing MSCs (Gao et al., 2010)
Breast cancer	IL-12	Induction of the elimination of 4T1 cells concomitant with induction of antiangiogenesis effects by IL-12-producing MSCs (Eliopoulos et al., 2008)
Melanoma Breast cancer Hepatoma	IL-12	Induction of the tumor cell elimination in B16 melanoma, 4T1 breast tumor, and HCA hepatoma cancer models by IL-12-producing MSCs (Chen et al., 2008)
Glioma	IL-12	Inhibition of tumor growth and extended survival of glioma-bearing mice by injection of IL-12-producing UCB-MSC (Ryu et al., 2011)
Ovarian cancer	IL-21	Promotion of IFN-γ-secretion and NK cells cytotoxicity resulted in inhibition of tumor growth in ovarian cancer-bearing mice by injection of IL-21-producing UCB-MSC (Hu et al., 2011)
Lymphoma	IL-21	Delayed cancer progress and promoted survival of lymphoma-bearing mice mediated by stimulation of effector T and NK cells activities upon injection of IL-21-producing MSC (Kim et al., 2015)
Lung carcinoma	IFN-γ	Inhibition of growth and progression of lung carcinoma by activation of TRAIL pathways in nude mice following injection of the MSC producing IFN-γ (Yang et al., 2014)
Melanoma	IFN-α	Delayed development of B16F10 melanoma cells led to the prolonged survival of tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice (Ren et al., 2008a)
Breast cancer	IFN-β	Suppression of the breast tumor growth and reduction of pulmonary and hepatic metastases in tumor-bearing mice along with down-regulation of Stat3, Src, and Akt cMyc and MMP2 expression by systemic injection of MSC producing IFN-β (Ling et al., 2010)
Prostate cancer lung metastasis	IFN-β	Attenuation in tumor volume in lungs after injection of MSC producing IFN-β and promoted tumor cell apoptosis and reduced tumor cell proliferation (Ren et al., 2008b)
Pancreatic cancer	IFN-β	Suppression of tumor growth and downregulation of NF-κB, VEGF, and IL-6 in orthotopic PANC-1 pancreatic carcinoma SCID mice models following systemic injection of MSC producing IFN-β (Kidd et al., 2010)
Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma	IFN-β	Attenuation of the development of orthotopic H358 bronchioloalveolar carcinoma in SCID mice through stimulating apoptosis by systemic injection of MSC producing IFN-β (Matsuzuka et al., 2010)
Lung carcinoma	IFN-β	Delayed tumor growth in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) mouse model by systemic injection of UC-MSC producing IFN-β (Chen et al., 2019)
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)	IFN-β	Delayed tumor growth in SCC xenograft by administration of GMSCs producing IFN-β in BALB/c nude mouse model (Du et al., 2019)
Melanoma	IFN-β	Inhibition of the progress of melanoma and extended survival of transplanted canine models by the combination treatment of AT-MSC producing IFN-β with cisplatin (Ahn et al., 2013)

ILs, interleukins; IFN-α, interferon-alpha; IFN-γ, interferon-gamma; IFN-beta, interferon-beta; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa B; Stat3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; MMP-2, matrix metalloproteinase-2; BM-MSCs, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells; AT-MSCs, adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells; UCB-MSCs, umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells; GMSCs, gingiva-derived mesenchymal stem cells; TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand.