| Patients undergoing pharmacological treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease (or previous treatment in the last 12 months) |
| Patients using drugs that delay gastric emptying (cyclosporine, opioids, amitriptyline, calcium channel blockers, octreotide, chlorpromazine, and promethazine) |
| Patients with neurological diseases |
| Patients diagnosed with peritonitis, intestinal obstruction, diabetes, severe obesity, significant gastrointestinal bleeding, or pregnancy |
| Patients in maintenance fluid therapy or parenteral nutrition |
| Patients on peritoneal dialysis or chronic hemodialysis |
| Patients preparing for a positron emission tomography and computed tomography scan |
