Table 2.

Characteristics of in vitro human and animal studies

Author and year	Assay	Materials evaluated	Results
Bidar et al. (2017)29	TA: Light microscope evaluation Animal: 64 dog premolars TC: Direct	MTA and PC	Chronic inflammation in WMTA, GMTA, white, and gray PC were 45.5, 27.3, 57.1, and 34.1%, respectively
Leye et al. (2012)30	TA: Mesurim Pro(®) software Human: 60 teeth TC: Indirect	MTA and Dycal	MTA and Dycal success rate 3 months: 93 and 73% 6 months: 89.6 and 73% Dentine thickness increased in both materials with time
Eskandarizadeh et al. (2011)31	TA: Mesurim Pro(®) software Human: 90 intact first and second premolars of human maxillary and mandibular teeth TC: Indirect	White MTA, Gray MTA, and Dycal	Calcified bridge of GMTA > Dycal at 30 and 60 days WMTA > Dycal at 90 days
Shokouhinejad et al. (2012)32	TA: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) instrument for elemental analysis Human: 60 horizontal root sections TC: Indirect	BA, EndoSequence Root Repair Material (ERRM), and white ProRoot Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)	MTA, BA, and ERRM showed increased precipitation with time