Table 3.

Characteristics of cytotoxic studies conducted in human cell lines

Study	Assay	Materials evaluated	Result
Hirschman et al. (2012)33	TA: MTT-based colorimetric assay	White mineral trioxide aggregate cement (AMTA, MTA-Angelus),	AMTA, ERRM, and UBP had statistically similar cytotoxicity levels. However, Dycal demonstrated a statistically
	CL: Human dermal fibroblasts	Brasseler ERRM putty, Dycal, and Ultra-blend Plus (UBP)	significant cytotoxic effect
	Type of contact (TC): Indirect
Ma et al. (2011)37	TA: MTT assay	ERRM Putty and Paste with gray MTA	(ERRM Putty) and Paste (ERRM Paste) showed similar in vitro biocompatibility as that of gray MTA
	CL: Gingival fibroblast
Yoshino et al. (2013)34	TA: MTT assay CL: Periodontal ligament	White MTA, MTA Fillapex® and Portland cement (PC)	MTA Fillapex demonstrated the highest cytotoxic effect on periodontal ligament fibroblasts followed by white
	fibroblasts		MTA and PC
	TC: Indirect
Zhou et al. (2015)35	TA: Flow cytometry and electron microscopy	EndoSequence BC, MTA Fillapex, and AH Plus (control sealer)	The 2 calcium silicate-containing endodontic sealers demonstrated different cytotoxicities. MTA Fillapex of ≥2
	CL: Human gingival fibroblasts		weeks demonstrated more toxicity than fresh/1-week-old cement. MTA Fillapex did not show toxicity at
	TC: Indirect		concentration ≥ 1:32. AH plus was not toxic after setting
Mukhtar-	TA: MTT assay	BioAggregate and iRoot SP	Both the materials had acceptable biocompatibility and
Fayyad (2011)38	CL: Human fibroblast MRC-5 cells		their cytotoxic effects were concentration-dependent
	TC: Indirect
Zhou et al. (2013)36	TA: Flow cytometry and electron microscopy	Biodentine, White ProRoot MTA, and glass ionomer cement	No significant difference in cell viability was noted between Biodentine and MTA, and they had a less
	CL: Human gingival fibroblasts		cytotoxic effect than glass ionomer cement
	TC: Indirect