Table 3.
Generalized estimating equation results
| Binge eating | Craving | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perceived stress | B | SE | Lower CI | Upper CI | Wald χ 2 | p | B | SE | Lower CI | Upper CI | Wald χ 2 | p |
| Intercept | 1.53 | 0.07 | 1.40 | 1.66 | 522.55 | <.001 | 0.82 | 0.05 | 0.72 | 0.93 | 244.70 | <.001 |
| Gender | 0.09 | 0.07 | −0.05 | 0.23 | 1.59 | .208 | 0.06 | 0.06 | −0.06 | 0.18 | 0.81 | .367 |
| Age | <−0.01 | <0.01 | −0.01 | <0.01 | 1.28 | .258 | −0.01 | <0.01 | −0.01 | <0.01 | 7.06 | .008 |
| BMI | 0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.01 | 6.85 | .009 | 0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.01 | 5.22 | .022 |
| Perceived stress (between) | 0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.01 | 25.16 | <.001 | 0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.01 | 7.91 | .005 |
| Perceived stress (within) | <0.01 | <0.01 | <−0.01 | <0.01 | 0.02 | .895 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 2.41 | .120 |
| n = 109; observations = 1,617 | n = 109; observations = 2,354 | |||||||||||
| Reactivity | B | SE | Lower CI | Upper CI | Wald χ 2 | p | B | SE | Lower CI | Upper CI | Wald χ 2 | p |
| Intercept | 1.72 | 0.14 | 1.45 | 1.99 | 154.39 | <.001 | 0.86 | 0.11 | 0.64 | 1.07 | 61.25 | <.001 |
| Gender | −0.07 | 0.15 | −0.36 | 0.22 | 0.21 | .649 | 0.01 | 0.12 | −0.23 | 0.25 | 0.01 | .943 |
| Age | −0.01 | <0.01 | −0.01 | <0.01 | 2.99 | .084 | −0.01 | <0.01 | −0.02 | <0.01 | 7.37 | .007 |
| BMI | 0.01 | 0.01 | <−0.01 | 0.02 | 2.04 | .153 | 0.01 | 0.01 | <0.01 | 0.02 | 4.33 | .037 |
| Reactivity (between) | <0.01 | <0.01 | <−0.01 | 0.01 | 2.51 | .113 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <−0.01 | 0.01 | 0.55 | .456 |
| Reactivity (within) | <0.01 | <0.01 | <−0.01 | 0.01 | 0.13 | .717 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <−0.01 | 0.01 | 0.35 | .552 |
| n = 71; observations = 169 | n = 79; observations = 226 | |||||||||||
| Recovery | B | SE | Lower CI | Upper CI | Wald χ 2 | P | B | SE | Lower CI | Upper CI | Wald χ 2 | p |
| Intercept | 1.46 | 0.15 | 1.17 | 1.74 | 100.01 | <.001 | 0.62 | 0.12 | 0.39 | 0.84 | 28.10 | <.001 |
| Gender | 0.12 | 0.16 | −0.18 | 0.43 | 0.63 | .427 | 0.22 | 0.12 | −0.02 | 0.47 | 3.21 | .073 |
| Age | <−0.01 | <0.01 | −0.01 | <0.01 | 0.61 | .436 | <−0.01 | <0.01 | −0.01 | <0.01 | 1.49 | .221 |
| BMI | 0.02 | <0.01 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 16.58 | <.001 | 0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.02 | 5.73 | .017 |
| Recovery (between) | <−0.01 | <0.01 | −0.01 | <0.01 | 1.07 | .302 | 0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.01 | 4.31 | .038 |
| Recovery (within) | <0.01 | <0.01 | <−0.01 | 0.01 | 0.50 | .481 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <−0.01 | <0.01 | 0.02 | .886 |
| n = 72; observations = 203 | n = 84; observations = 321 | |||||||||||
| Pileup | B | SE | Lower CI | Upper CI | Wald χ 2 | p | B | SE | Lower CI | Upper CI | Wald χ 2 | p |
| Intercept | 1.54 | 0.08 | 1.38 | 1.70 | 366.63 | <.001 | 0.79 | 0.05 | 0.69 | 0.89 | 222.90 | <.001 |
| Gender | 0.05 | 0.08 | −0.12 | 0.22 | 0.34 | .558 | 0.08 | 0.06 | −0.04 | 0.20 | 1.61 | .204 |
| Pileup | B | SE | Lower CI | Upper CI | Wald χ 2 | p | B | SE | Lower CI | Upper CI | Wald χ 2 | p |
| Age | <−0.01 | <0.01 | −0.01 | <0.01 | 2.44 | .118 | −0.01 | <0.01 | −0.01 | <−0.01 | 9.17 | .002 |
| BMI | 0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.01 | 6.47 | .011 | 0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 0.01 | 5.98 | .014 |
| Pileup (between) | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.20 | 13.01 | <.001 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.19 | 14.50 | <.001 |
| Pileup (within) | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 29.26 | <.001 | −0.01 | 0.01 | −0.03 | 0.01 | 1.09 | .296 |
| n = 111; observations = 2,129 | n = 111; observations = 3,062 |
Within-person perceived stress was lagged from the prior EMA signal (t − 1). Gender was coded such that men were the reference category. Bolded effects are significant at p < .05, adjusted for gender, age, and BMI. Between = grand-mean-centered variable (reflecting individual differences); within = person-mean-centered variable (reflecting fluctuations relative to an individual’s own average level of a variable).
BMI body mass index; CI 95% confidence interval; EMA ecological momentary assessment; SE standard error.