Table 1.
Demographic information, clinical and social characteristics, speech measures and group comparisons
| LLD | Healthy controls | Group differences | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | s.d. | N | Mean | s.d. | n | Statistic | df | p | Effect size | |
| Demographics | ||||||||||
| Female | 72% | 21/29 | 76% | 22/29 | χ2 = 0.090 | 1 | 0.764 | Φ = 0.039 | ||
| Lives alone | 59% | 17/29 | 38% | 11/29 | χ2 = 2.486 | 1 | 0.115 | Φ = 0.207 | ||
| Age in years | 74.2 | 6.0 | 29 | 74.0 | 5.9 | 29 | t = −0.110 | 56 | 0.913 | d = 0.034 |
| NART score | 109.0 | 9.9 | 29 | 114.2 | 10.3 | 29 | t = 1.962 | 56 | 0.055 | d = 0.515 |
| Education in years | 10.9 | 2.2 | 29 | 13.3 | 3.3 | 29 | U = 254.0, z = −2.634 | 0.008* | η2 = 0.120 | |
| MMSE score | 27.7 | 1.8 | 29 | 28.8 | 1.1 | 29 | U = 270.5, z = −2.548 | 0.014* | η2 = 0.112 | |
| Clinical and social characteristics | ||||||||||
| MADRS | 28.3 | 8.6 | 28 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 29 | U = 812.0, z = 6.589 | <0.001* | η2 = 0.762 | |
| GDS-15 | 9.7 | 3.1 | 28 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 29 | U = 803.0, z = 6.434 | <0.001* | η2 = 0.726 | |
| SF-36 total | 38.3 | 19.9 | 29 | 78.7 | 10.5 | 29 | t = 9.661 | 42.44 | <0.001* | d = 2.539 |
| IADL total | 6.9 | 1.7 | 29 | 8.0 | 0.2 | 29 | U = 227.5, z = −3.905 | <0.001* | η2 = 0.263 | |
| DSSI total social support | 41.7 | 5.2 | 29 | 48.4 | 6.3 | 29 | U = 131.0, z = −4.515 | <0.001* | η2 = 0.351 | |
| LSNS-R total | 25.5 | 7.6 | 29 | 36.8 | 7.4 | 29 | U = 123.5, z = −4.625 | <0.001* | η2 = 0.369 | |
| UCLA-LS total | 18.5 | 7.3 | 29 | 5.8 | 4.6 | 29 | U = 765.0, z = 5.366 | <0.001* | η2 = 0.496 | |
| Speech | ||||||||||
| Proportion of speech detected 24-h | 0.02 | 0.01 | 29 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 29 | U = 0.000, z = −6.541 | <0.001* | η2 = 0.738 | |
| Proportion of speech detected morning | 0.04 | 0.02 | 29 | 0.24 | 0.04 | 29 | t = 19.980 | 39.82 | <0.001* | d = 5.250 |
| Proportion of speech detected afternoon | 0.03 | 0.02 | 29 | 0.24 | 0.05 | 29 | U = 0.000, z = −6.540 | <0.001* | η2 = 0.737 | |
| Proportion of speech detected evening | 0.01 | 0.01 | 29 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 29 | t = 8.585 | 31.05 | <0.001* | d = 2.259 |
| Proportion of speech produced by wearer | 0.03 | 0.003 | 29 | 0.11 | 0.01 | 29 | t = 35.037 | 32.48 | <0.001* | d = 10.127 |
LLD, Late-Life Depression; s.d., Standard Deviation; df, Degrees of Freedom; NART, National Adult Reading Test; MMSE, Mini Mental State Exam; MADRS, Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale; GDS-15, Geriatric Depression Scale; SF-36, Short-Form Health Survey; IADL, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; DSSI, Duke Social Support Index; LSNS-R, Lubben Social Network Scale-Revised; UCLA-LS, UCLA Loneliness Scale.
Note: *Significant at 0.05 level.