Fig. 1.

Manhattan plots and (Q-Q) plots showing GWAS results for the analyses. Red lines represent thresholds for genome-wide significance (p value < 5 × 10⁻⁸). Blue lines represent thresholds for suggestive significance (p value < 5 × 10⁻⁶). a Manhattan plots for primary dft show negative log10-transformed p values (y-axis) across the whole genome (x-axis). Genotyped and imputed SNPs are plotted together. b The quantile–quantile plot (Q-Q) for GWAS of Primary dft. The genomic inflation factor (λ) is 0.98. c Manhattan plots for permanent DFT show negative log10-transformed p values (y-axis) across the whole genome (x-axis). Genotyped and imputed SNPs are plotted together. d The quantile–quantile plot (Q–Q) for GWAS of permanent DFT. The genomic inflation factor (λ) is 0.99