TABLE A2.
Quality Assessment of the Included Studies
| Internal Validity | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lead Author (Year) | Study Design (Level of Evidence) | No. of Patients | Reporting | External Validity | Bias | Confounding (Selection Bias) | Power | Total |
| Krych (2015) 43 | Retrospective (3) | 122 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 15 |
| King (2015) 41 | Retrospective (3) | 95 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 16 |
| King (2016) 40 | Retrospective comparative (3) | 56 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 13 |
| Tardy (2017) 74 | Retrospective (3) | 39 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 13 |
| Alentorn-Geli (2019) 3 | Retrospective cross-sectional comparative (3) | 39 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 14 |
| Levy (2015) 47 | Retrospective (3) | 125 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 16 |
| Derby (2017) 13 | Retrospective diagnostic (2) | 38 | 6 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 14 |
| Moatshe (2017) 57 | Retrospective cohort (3) | 65 | 9 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 21 |
| Hongwu (2018) 34 | Retrospective cohort (4) | 13 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 11 |
| Woodmass (2018) 81 | Retrospective cohort (3) | 62 | 9 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 20 |
| Chahla (2017) 10 | Retrospective cohort (3) | 105 | 9 | 1 | 5 | 3 | 5 | 23 |
| Yeh (1999) 83 | Retrospective cohort (4) | 25 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 12 |
| Levy (2010) 46 | Retrospective cohort (4) | 9 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 12 |
| Liow (2003) 51 | Retrospective cohort (4) | 22 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 13 |
| Subbiah (2011) 70 | Retrospective cohort (4) | 19 | 7 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 13 |
| Tao (2013) 73 | Retrospective cohort (4) | 9 | 8 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 14 |
| Zhang (2013) 85 | Retrospective cohort (3) | 59 | 7 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 16 |
| Sanders (2017) 66 | Retrospective cohort (3) | 48 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 17 |
| Richter (2002) 63 | Retrospective case-control (3) | 68 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 16 |
| Kosy (2018) 42 | Retrospective cohort (3) | 226 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 13 |
| Khakha (2016) 38 | Prospective cohort (2b) | 36 | 6 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 14 |
| Tzurbakis (2006) 76 | Retrospective cohort (3) | 48 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 11 |
| Noyes (1997) 59 | Retrospective cohort (4) | 11 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| Harner (2004) 30 | Retrospective cohort (3) | 47 | 9 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 18 |
| Owens (2007) 61 | Retrospective cohort (4) | 28 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 8 |
| Engebretsen (2009) 16 | Prospective cohort (2) | 85 | 8 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 18 |
| Jenkins (2011) 37 | Retrospective cohort (4) | 20 | 6 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 10 |
| Werner (2014) 79 | Retrospective cohort (3) | 65 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 4 | 14 |
| Talbot (2004) 71 | Retrospective cohort (4) | 21 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 8 |
| Eranki (2010) 17 | Retrospective cohort (4) | 20 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 9 |
| Hua (2016) 35 | Retrospective cohort (4) | 18 | 6 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
| Almekinders (1992) 4 | Retrospective cohort (3) | 31 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 11 |
| Roman (1987) 65 | Retrospective cohort (3) | 30 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 7 |
| Wascher (1999) 78 | Retrospective cohort (4) | 13 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
| Fanelli (1996) 20 | Retrospective cohort (4) | 21 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5 |
| Frassica (1991) 24 | Retrospective cohort (4) | 17 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5 |
| Hirschmann (2010) 32 | Retrospective cohort (4) | 24 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 6 |
| Ibrahim (2008) 36 | Retrospective cohort (3) | 36 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 8 |
| Wajsfisz (2014) 77 | Retrospective cohort (3) | 53 | 6 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 15 |
| Lind (2018) 50 | Prospective cohort (registry data) (3) | 344 | 10 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 24 |
| Lind (2009) 49 | Prospective cohort (registry data) (3) | 457 | 10 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 24 |
| Wyatt (2017) 82 | Prospective cohort (2) | 549 | 10 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 24 |
| Lustig (2009) 52 | Prospective cohort (2) | 67 | 9 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 20 |
| Twaddle (2003) 75 | Prospective cohort (2) | 63 | 9 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 20 |
| Freychet (2020) 26 | Retrospective cohort (3) | 40 | 9 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 17 |