Table 2.

Summary of Descriptive Characteristics of Finally Selected Studies^a

Author/Year	Aim of Study	Participant Demographics and Characteristics		Method Details
		Age	Sample Size/Study Population/ Time Between Scan	Imaging System Used to Acquired Scan
Cevidanes et al. 200525	Evaluate the registration of 3D models from CBCT images taken before and after orthognathic surgery for the assessment of mandibular anatomy and position	20.6 ± 5.2 years	10 patients/undergoing maxillary surgery at the University of North Carolina Dentofacial Deformities Program/scans taken before and 1 week after orthognathic surgery	NewTom 9000
Cevidanes et al. 200916	Evaluate a new method for superimposition of 3D models of growing patients	11.4 years	Three patients/undergoing orthopedic treatment with miniplates/scans were taken before and after treatment (about 1 year follow-up)	i-CAT 3D Imaging System
Nada et al. 201112	Evaluate accuracy and reproducibility of a semiautomated voxel based image registration technique for the superimposition of 3D CBCT models on two different regions, the anterior cranial base and the zygomatic arches	26 ± 9 years	16 adult patients/underwent two surgical interventions at Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre/scans were taken prior to treatment and before the second orthognathic surgery–average 18 (±4.6) months later	i-CAT 3D Imaging System
DeCesare et al. 20137	Minimize errors that occur when using a four vs six-landmark superimpositioning method in the cranial base to define the coordinate system	Not mentioned	10 patients/participated in a maxillary expansion clinical trial/scans were taken 12 months apart	NewTom 3G
Gkantidis et al. 201521	Test the applicability, accuracy, precision, and reproducibility of various 3D superimposition techniques for radiographic data, transformed to triangulated surface data	16.2 (range: 15.1, 22.9) years	Eight young adult patients/treated with rapid maxillary expansion performed by a mini-implant supported device/scans were acquired just before placement of the appliance and at the end of the activation period at a median of 15 days later	Philips Brilliance 16 CT Scanner
Weissheimer et al. 20153	The aim of this study was to validate a method for fast 3D superimposition of CBCT in growing patients and adults (surgical cases)	11.4 ± 1 years (pretreatment scans) 26.3 ± 5.7 years (nongrowing adults) 9.5 ± 1.8 years (growing patients)	18 patients total. 10 patients, saved as a reoriented volume, and then superimposed on the original image. Four nongrowing and four growing/scans were taken pre- and 1 year postorthognathic surgery for adult sample and post–rapid palatal expansion for growing sample	i-CAT 3D Imaging System

^aOR indicates odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation; CBCT, cone-beam computed tomography; 3D, three-dimensional.

ITK Software, National Library of Medicine Insight Segmentation and Registration Toolkit; ITK-SNAP Software, open software interactive tool for semi-automatic segmentation of multi-modality biomedical images; MIRIT Software, multi-modality image registration by maximization of mutual information; VALMET Software, tool for validation and comparison of object segmentation; AVIZO Software, image analysis software package designed to work with 3D images—whether data from confocal or CT, or 3D rendered images; MAXILIM Software, Medicim-Medical Image Computing; CFM Software, developed at Maurice Muller Institute, Bern, Switzerland - overlays 3D surface models that are registered in the same coordinate system; FOV, Field of View; STL, stereolithography file; SGI, IV, open inventor file; CMF Software, Cranio-Maxillo Facial application software, developed at the M. E. Muller Institute for Surgical Technology and Biomechanics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.