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. 2021 Jul 20;16:4891–4900. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S315040

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© 2021 Leiva-Sabadini et al.

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Nanoscale characterization of the morphology and nanomechanical properties of HEc-EVs with atomic force microscopy (AFM). (A) Diagrammatic representation of HEc-EV immobilization onto poly-L-lysine (PLL) coated mica surfaces, and subsequent nanoindentation with AFM. Created with BioRender.com. (B) Phase contrast image, (C) surface profile and (D) 3D reconstruction (from height image) of immobilized HEc-EVs on PLL-coated mica surfaces. (E) Histogram of the mean z-height of immobilized HEc-EVs (curve represents Gaussian fit) showing average height to be ~10 nm. (F) Young’s modulus of nanoindented HEc-EVs, obtained by applying the Derjaguin, Muller, and Toporov (DMT) model, demonstrating elasticity values mostly below 100 MPa.