TABLE 1.
Baseline Patient and Hospital Characteristics for Overall Patients With HFpEF and by Race/Ethnic Groups
| White (n = 44,871) |
Black (n = 4,767) |
Hispanic (n = 2,260) |
Asian (n = 842) |
Other (n = 325) |
Overall (N = 53,065) |
Standardized Difference White vs. |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p Value | Black | Hispanic | Asian | Other | |||||||
| Demographics | |||||||||||
| Age, yrs | 83 (76-88) | 77 (71-84) | 79 (72-85) | 81 (75-87) | 77 (71-83) | 82 (75-88) | <0.0001 | 52.1 | 34.6 | 13.4 | 51.7 |
| Categorical age, yrs | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
| 65-69 | 9.26 | 20.54 | 16.02 | 11.64 | 17.54 | 10.65 | 32.1 | 20.4 | 7.8 | 24.5 | |
| 70-74 | 11.79 | 19.93 | 16.46 | 11.28 | 19.69 | 12.76 | 22.4 | 13.4 | 1.6 | 21.8 | |
| 75-79 | 15.56 | 19.13 | 18.58 | 19.95 | 18.77 | 16.10 | 9.4 | 8.0 | 11.5 | 8.5 | |
| ≥80 | 63.39 | 40.40 | 48.94 | 57.13 | 44.00 | 60.49 | 47.3 | 29.4 | 12.8 | 39.6 | |
| Women | 65.75 | 70.40 | 68.32 | 62.47 | 68.31 | 66.24 | <0.0001 | 10.0 | 5.5 | 6.8 | 5.5 |
| Medical history | |||||||||||
| Hypertension | 80.22 | 89.76 | 84.73 | 82.74 | 78.86 | 81.29 | <0.0001 | 27.0 | 11.9 | 6.5 | 3.4 |
| CAD | 45.33 | 37.26 | 44.44 | 41.24 | 45.30 | 44.51 | <0.0001 | 16.5 | 1.8 | 8.3 | 0.1 |
| Prior MI | 13.41 | 11.29 | 11.30 | 9.77 | 12.42 | 13.07 | <0.0001 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 11.4 | 3.0 |
| Atrial flutter/fibrillation | 47.33 | 25.33 | 25.44 | 31.85 | 32.55 | 44.12 | <0.0001 | 47.0 | 46.7 | 32.0 | 30.5 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 49.26 | 47.22 | 48.84 | 49.11 | 47.32 | 49.05 | 0.1314 | 4.1 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 3.9 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 12.75 | 11.70 | 11.87 | 5.46 | 11.07 | 12.49 | <0.0001 | 3.2 | 2.7 | 25.6 | 5.2 |
| Diabetes (insulin or noninsulin treated) | 36.36 | 56.38 | 56.03 | 43.91 | 50.00 | 39.17 | <0.0001 | 41.0 | 40.2 | 15.4 | 27.8 |
| CVA/TIA | 16.70 | 19.82 | 15.18 | 16.12 | 12.42 | 16.88 | <0.0001 | 8.1 | 4.2 | 1.6 | 12.2 |
| COPD or asthma | 31.76 | 32.73 | 28.51 | 22.34 | 28.86 | 31.54 | <0.0001 | 2.1 | 7.1 | 21.3 | 6.3 |
| ICD only | 1.48 | 1.26 | 1.09 | 1.02 | 1.01 | 1.43 | 0.3242 | 1.9 | 3.5 | 4.2 | 4.2 |
| Anemia | 21.93 | 26.25 | 20.57 | 18.78 | 24.16 | 22.22 | <0.0001 | 10.1 | 3.3 | 7.8 | 5.3 |
| Dialysis (chronic) | 2.21 | 8.82 | 8.09 | 9.26 | 8.05 | 3.19 | <0.0001 | 29.3 | 26.8 | 30.7 | 26.7 |
| Chronic renal insufficiency, SCr >2.0 | 19.14 | 30.42 | 24.21 | 24.75 | 25.17 | 20.48 | <0.0001 | 26.3 | 12.3 | 13.6 | 14.6 |
| Depression | 12.73 | 7.02 | 10.26 | 5.20 | 7.38 | 11.97 | <0.0001 | 19.2 | 7.7 | 26.6 | 17.8 |
| Ischemic cause: history of CAD, MI, prior PCI, prior CABG, or prior PCI/CABG | 50.23 | 41.26 | 49.93 | 45.18 | 49.66 | 49.34 | <0.0001 | 18.1 | 0.6 | 10.1 | 1.1 |
| History panel missing | 5.50 | 6.75 | 6.42 | 6.41 | 8.31 | 5.69 | 0.0005 | 5.2 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 11.1 |
| Smoking | 6.64 | 10.05 | 6.75 | 4.32 | 7.17 | 6.92 | <0.0001 | 12.4 | 0.4 | 10.2 | 2.1 |
| Medications on admission | |||||||||||
| ACE-I | 29.41 | 30.61 | 29.81 | 21.50 | 33.16 | 29.43 | 0.0007 | 2.6 | 0.9 | 18.3 | 8.1 |
| ARB | 16.23 | 19.32 | 22.57 | 26.49 | 23.32 | 16.98 | <0.0001 | 8.1 | 16.1 | 25.2 | 17.9 |
| Aldosterone antagonist | 5.60 | 5.61 | 3.80 | 4.99 | 4.66 | 5.51 | 0.0551 | 0.0 | 8.6 | 2.7 | 4.3 |
| Aspirin | 45.14 | 40.84 | 40.10 | 32.82 | 53.37 | 44.40 | <0.0001 | 8.7 | 10.2 | 25.5 | 16.5 |
| Beta-blocker | 55.05 | 54.41 | 55.21 | 50.10 | 54.92 | 54.93 | 0.2437 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 9.9 | 0.3 |
| Diabetic medications (any) | 21.56 | 34.00 | 36.92 | 31.36 | 35.38 | 23.56 | <0.0001 | 28.1 | 34.3 | 22.4 | 31.0 |
| Anticoagulation therapy | 29.61 | 16.98 | 14.98 | 15.36 | 15.54 | 27.57 | <0.0001 | 30.2 | 35.7 | 34.7 | 34.1 |
| Diuretic agent | 61.87 | 56.96 | 52.86 | 44.15 | 57.51 | 60.75 | <0.0001 | 10.0 | 18.3 | 36.1 | 8.9 |
| Hydralazine | 5.80 | 15.01 | 9.73 | 6.91 | 4.66 | 6.78 | <0.0001 | 30.5 | 14.7 | 4.6 | 5.1 |
| Lipid-lowering agent (any) | 54.71 | 56.89 | 57.00 | 55.09 | 62.69 | 55.05 | 0.0166 | 4.4 | 4.6 | 0.8 | 16.3 |
| Vitals on admission | |||||||||||
| Heart rate, beats/min | 79 (68-92) | 79 (68-91) | 78 (68-91) | 77 (68-93) | 80 (69-92) | 79 (68-92) | 0.459 | 0.7 | 2.5 | 0.7 | 3.3 |
| SBP, mm Hg | 143 (124-163) | 153 (133-178) | 149 (130-172) | 147 (128-166) | 144 (123-162) | 144 (125-165) | <0.0001 | 34.5 | 21.8 | 11.8 | 0.0 |
| DBP, mm Hg | 72 (62-83) | 76 (66-88) | 72 (62-84) | 72 (62-84) | 73 (63-84) | 72 (62-84) | <0.0001 | 27.1 | 5.7 | 2.1 | 7.8 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.46 (23.27-32.95) | 30.07 (25.21-36.33) | 29 (24.61-34.06) | 23.84 (21.03-27.55) | 29.26 (24.47-34.55) | 27.66 (23.43-33.27) | <0.0001 | 32.0 | 15.7 | 56.7 | 10.8 |
| Laboratory values | |||||||||||
| LVEF source | 0.0155 | ||||||||||
| Quantitative LVEF | 91.17 | 92.22 | 91.55 | 93.59 | 90.15 | 91.31 | 3.8 | 1.3 | 9.1 | 3.5 | |
| Qualitative LVEF | 8.83 | 7.78 | 8.45 | 6.41 | 9.85 | 8.69 | 3.8 | 1.3 | 9.1 | 3.5 | |
| EF, % | 60 (55-64) | 60 (55-65) | 60 (55-65) | 60 (55-65) | 60 (55-65) | 60 (55-64) | <0.0001 | 8.2 | 2.6 | 13.0 | 10.0 |
| Serum creatinine, mg/dl | 1.2 (0.9-1.7) | 1.5 (1.1-2.4) | 1.3 (0.9-2) | 1.3 (0.9-2.1) | 1.3 (0.9-2.1) | 1.2 (0.9-1.7) | <0.0001 | 12.7 | 9.0 | 10.9 | 10.2 |
| Serum sodium, mEq/l | 138 (135-141) | 139 (137-142) | 138 (135-140) | 137 (134-140) | 138 (135-140) | 138 (135-141) | <0.0001 | 10.7 | 14.1 | 13.0 | 5.4 |
| BUN, mg/dl (IQR) | 25 (18-36) | 25 (17-39) | 25 (18-40) | 26 (18-39.5) | 25 (17.5-40.5) | 25 (18-36) | 0.0086 | 5.7 | 10.6 | 13.6 | 11.1 |
| BNP on admission, pg/ml | 560 (304-1,020) | 571 (234.5-1,199.5) | 564 (270-1,120) | 627 (316-1,140) | 598 (275.5-1,120.5) | 562 (297-1,038.8) | 0.4905 | 13.0 | 8.5 | 7.9 | 2.9 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dl | 11.5 (10.2-12.8) | 10.9 (9.6-12.2) | 11.3 (9.9-12.5) | 11.3 (10-12.7) | 10.9 (9.6-12.2) | 11.4 (10.1-12.8) | <0.0001 | 16.8 | 6.9 | 0.7 | 27.4 |
| HbA1C (0-20), % | 6.5 (5.9-7.3) | 6.6 (5.9-7.6) | 6.8 (6-7.7) | 6.6 (6-7.3) | 6.5 (6-8.4) | 6.5 (5.9-7.4) | 0.0102 | 7.8 | 18.8 | 1.7 | 16.6 |
| Total cholesterol (10-1,000), mg/dl | 134 (111-161) | 142 (118-172) | 134 (114-166) | 139 (116-166) | 121 (102-147) | 135 (112-163) | <0.0001 | 21.4 | 9.9 | 15.2 | 27.9 |
| HDL (0-120), mg/dl | 40 (32-51) | 46 (36-56) | 41 (32-52) | 42 (35-52) | 40 (32-47) | 41 (33-51) | <0.0001 | 29.9 | 3.9 | 14.1 | 3.3 |
| LDL (30-500), mg/d | 72 (55-94) | 78 (58-101) | 72 (57-97) | 74 (59-92) | 64 (50-89) | 73 (56-94) | <0.0001 | 18.8 | 7.4 | 4.5 | 20.0 |
| Triglycerides (5-2,000), mg/dl | 89 (66-123) | 78 (59-110) | 95 (70-132) | 93 (64-127) | 94 (69.5-126) | 88 (65-122) | <0.0001 | 22.3 | 12.3 | 2.7 | 3.6 |
| Hospital characteristics | |||||||||||
| Hospital size, number of beds | 348 (222-481) | 438 (292-610) | 296 (243-438) | 330 (217-400) | 358 (194-368) | 348 (227-527) | <0.0001 | 44.4 | 0.8 | 4.7 | 18.6 |
| Geographic region | <0.0001 | ||||||||||
| West | 9.73 | 3.29 | 17.88 | 60.81 | 35.38 | 10.47 | 26.3 | 23.8 | 126.5 | 64.5 | |
| South | 30.40 | 43.36 | 41.19 | 15.20 | 16.92 | 31.70 | 27.1 | 22.7 | 36.8 | 32.1 | |
| Midwest | 24.13 | 22.99 | 8.41 | 8.79 | 28.62 | 23.14 | 2.7 | 43.6 | 42.3 | 10.2 | |
| Northeast | 35.74 | 30.35 | 32.52 | 15.20 | 19.08 | 34.70 | 11.5 | 6.8 | 48.5 | 38.0 | |
| Rural location | 7.42 | 4.95 | 1.15 | 7.15 | 16.36 | 6.98 | <0.0001 | 10.3 | 31.3 | 1.0 | 27.9 |
| Teaching status | 55.18 | 72.00 | 40.53 | 51.37 | 74.77 | 56.13 | <0.0001 | 35.5 | 29.6 | 7.6 | 42.0 |
| Heart transplants performed at site | 9.11 | 12.72 | 5.16 | 7.71 | 5.56 | 9.22 | <0.0001 | 11.6 | 15.4 | 5.0 | 13.7 |
Values are median (interquartile range) or %. Standardized differences are references to those in whites. Standardized differences of ≥10 are clinically meaningful.
ACE-I = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB = angiotensin II receptor blocker; BMI = body mass index; BNP = B-type natriuretic peptide; BUN = blood urea nitrogen; CABG = coronary artery bypass grafting; CAD = coronary artery disease; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVA = cerebrovascular accident; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; HbA1C = hemoglobin A1C; HDL = high-density lipoprotein; ICD = implantable cardioverter defibrillator; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; MI = myocardial infarction; PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention; SBP = systolic blood pressure; SCr = serum creatinine; TIA = transient ischemic attack.