Fig. 1.

Schematic representation of signaling pathways of pro-inflammatory cytokines involved on COVID-19. a Inflammasome assembly after PAMP and DAMP recognition activate caspase-1, essential for the cleavage of pro-IL-1b and IL-18 into their active form. After externalization, these cytokines can induce pyroptosis and biding their respective receptors to promote the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules. b Signal transduction of IL-6 after binding IL-6 receptor and activates Janus Kinases (JAK) leads to activation of different mediators to promote gene expression. The recognition of TNFa by TNFR2 triggers different cascades which promotes inflammation or gene expression mediated by NFk-B. In parallel, the biding on TNFR1 causes subsequent apoptosis mediated by caspases