Table 2.

The results of multivariable estimation of models (1–3a) for the EU-28 in the period 2008–2018

	(1) Fixed effect	(2) Random effect	(3) Fixed effect	(3a) Fixed effect
PRODit			− 0.174 [0.045]	− 0.178 [0.041]
GDPit	[0.008]
UNAit		2.230 [0.000]
ALMPit		− 2.314 [0.077]
HRSTit			− 0.893 [0.002]	− 0.910 [0.001]
PARTit	0.829 [0.000]		0.614 [0.001]	0.603 [0.001]
TEMPit	0.117 [0.199]		− 0.056 [0.689]
SELFit			− 2.007 [0.000]	− 2.019 [0.000]
ELneit	1.706 [0.003]
TERit			0.079 [0.600]	0.095 [0.501]
Cit			− 0.510 [0.047]	− 0.518 [0.007]
Fit			− 0.920 [0.026]	− 0.825 [0.028]
Git			− 0.010 [0.977]
Hit			− 0.613 [0.216]	− 0.629 [0.231]
Iit			− 0.065 [0.844]
Jit			− 1.813 [0.004]	− 1.856 [0.001]
Nit			0.761 [0.192]	0.700 [0.178]
Oit			0.572 [0.481]	0.587 [0.439]
Pit			0.256 [0.667]	0.250 [0.650]
Qit			0.606 [0.142]	0.638 [0.193]
R2 within	0.499	0.895	0.623	0.622
R2 between	0.013	0.787	0.017	0.010
R2 overall	0.034	0.820	0.0001	0.0002
AIC BIC	1740.9 1755.8	x x	1351.9 1408.5	1346.7 1392.7
Number of observ.(i)	308 (28)	308 (28)	254 (26)	254 (26)

Bold values are statistically significant at the level of 0.1

[] p-value based on robust standard errors

Source author’s compilation in STATA 10